Read Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World Online
Authors: Fatima Mernissi,Mary Jo Lakeland
Tags: #History, #Middle East, #General, #World, #Religion, #Religion; Politics & State
30
.
Memento Defense-Desarmement 1989
(Brussels: Groupe de Recherche et d’Information sur la Paix, 1989), pp. 183fF.
31
. Ibid., p. 190.
32
. Ibid.
33
. Julia Kristeva,
Etrangers a nous-memes
(Paris: Gallimard, 1988).
1
.Farid Ud-Din Attar,
The Conference of the Birds
(Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1984), p. 219.
2
. Ibid.
3
. Ibid., pp. 219-20.
1
.
Wala taqtulu anfusakum, inna allaha kana bikum rahiman
(Sourat 4
an-Nissa
[Women], verse 29).
2
.
Wala taHudu Inna Allaha la yuhibbu al Mu
(
tadun
(Sourat 5
al Maida
[The Table], verse 87).
3
.
Kataba rabukum
(
ala nafsihi ar-Rahma
(Sourat 6
alAn
(
am
[Cattle], verse 54). See Chapter 6, pp. 87-89, for more on this key concept of
rahma
(tenderness in the homogeneous city).
4
. What is known as the first “Constitution of Medina” is the
Kitab,
the contract the Prophet Muhammad drafted for the population of that city when he migrated to it after leaving his hostile native Mecca and in which he “declared peace with the Jews
(wada
(
a fihi al yahud)
and promised them protection for their right to carry on with their cult and security for their wealth.” See Ibn Hisham,
As-Sirat an- nabawiya
(Bibliography of the Prophet), vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar Ihyaa at-thurat al-Arabi, n.d.), p. 147. Ibn Hisham died in the year 212 of the
Hijira
(A.D. ninth century). The basic principle is that of global responsibility as the founding ideal of that first Muslim community. This principle applied to all those who lived in Medina, starting with the Jews, who were then an important part of the city’s population, as is evident in the excellent translation of Montgomery Watt’s selection: “In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. This is a writing of Muhammad the Prophet between the believers and Muslims of Quraysh (those who migrated with him from Mecca andYathrib [the old name of Medina, the city that granted him hospitality] and those who follow them and are attached to them and who fight along with them). (1) They are a single community distinct from [other] people. (2) The emigrants of Quraysh, according to their former approved practice, pay jointly the blood-money [incurred by one] among them, and ransom the captive of them, [doing this] with upright dealing and justice between the believers. ... (11) The believers do not forsake a debtor among them, but give him [help], according to what is fair, for ransom or blood-wit. ... (16) A Jew who follows us has [a right to] the same help and support [as the believers], so long as they are not wronged [by him] and he does not help [others] against them.” English translation of Ibn Hisham in Montgomery Watt,
Islamic Political Thought
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958), p. 130. The original text is Ibn Hisham,
As-Sirat an-nabawiya
(Bibliography of the Prophet), vol. II (Beirut: Dar Ihyas at-thurat al-Arabi, n.d.), pp. 147 and 148.
5
.
Inna yahuda bani
aouf umma ma
(
a Vmuminin, lilyahudi dinahum wa li-lmuslimina dinahum.
Ibn Hisham,
As-Sirat an-nabawiya,
p. 149. What bound the two communities in the Prophet’s
Kirab
(written contract or constitution) was their joint responsibility for peace within the city and its defense against external enemies, reflected by their duty to ransom prisoners
(yafduna
(
aniyahum)
of either group who fell into snemy hands.
6
. Those who talk about “the Arab world” are talking about the citizens of the states that are members of the Arab League created in 1945. It started with seven states (Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Yemen) and expanded its membership to twenty-two states, including latecomers such as Djibouti, Co-mores, and Palestine. Also included are Algeria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, and United Arab Emirates.
7
. “The Sultan Salah Ad-Din,” in Ibn Knallikan’s
Wafayat alA
(
yan
(Biographies of Celebrities), vol. 7 (Beirut: Dar-Athaqafa, n.d.), p. 139. Saladin’s biography is number 846. Ibn Knallikan died in 681(A.D. thirteenth century). The English transla- ;ion is that of De Slane, who translated the
Wafayat
as “Bibliographic Dictionary,”
vol. 4
(Beirut: Librairie du Diban, 1970), p. 540.
8
.
Time
magazine, February 28, 1994.
9
. Joe Stork,
“Des arsenaux en quete de clients solvables,” Le Monde Diplomatique,
Jan- lary 1995, p. 337.
10
. In 1990, the male literacy rate (percent of people fifteen and above) was 38 for India, and net secondary school enrollment (percent of relevant age group) was 56. The figures for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in 1999 were 33 for male literacy and 59 for net secondary school enrollment. “The Little Data Book 2000” (Washington, DC: World Bank, April 2000), pp. 11 and 12.
11
. As for technology infrastructure, the figure for personal computers (per 1,000 people) was 2 for India in 1997 and 10 for the MENA region—five times higher. The Internet hosts (per 1,000 people) were 2 for India and 0.20 for MENA. As for telephone main lines (per 1,000 people), the figure was 37 for MENA in 1990, on the eve of the Gulf War, whereas only 6 Indians per 1,000 had access to a telephone. Because of the neglect of the MENA region as a potential resource for high-tech ventures, it is no wonder that India’s high technology reached 5 percent of manufacturing exports in 1997, whereas that sector never grew beyond 1 percent of manufacturing exports in the MENA region. Ibid.
12
. Alvin Toffler,
Powershijt: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century
(NewYork: Bantam Books, 1990), pp. 16-17.
13
. Ibid., p. 20.
14
. Ibid.
15
. “
Dans le Coran, la racine revient 29 Jois,
})
inTurki’s Introduction to Abu lwalid al Baji s
Kitab al manahijji tartibi al hijaj,
original Arabic text edited by Abdel Majid Turki (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1978), p. 8. Al Baji was born in Muslim Spain in 403 of the
Hijira
(A.D. 1012).
16
. Abu lwalid al Baji,
Kitab al manahijji tartibi al hijaj.
17
.
Wa jadilhum bilati hiya ahsan,
Sourat
An Nahl,
The Bee (No. 16, verse 125). English translation of the Qoran by N.J. Dawood (London: Penguin Books, 1956), p. 313.
18
. See the interview of Sheikh Hamad Ibn Thamer al-Thani, the chairman of Al-Jazeera, which appeared under the aggressive title
(<
Faut-il buler aljazira, la television qatarie?”
in the French magazine
Paris Match,
no. 2738 (November 15, 2001), p. 101.
19
.
Arabic English Dictionary of the Modern Literary Language,
compiled by Maan Madina (NewYork: Pocket Books, 1973), p. 109.
20
.
Wa hada al Him min arfaH al
(
ulumi qadran wa a
(
damuha cha
(
nan. li annahu as- sabila ila ma
(
cifati al istidlali wa tamyizi al haqi mina al muhali.
Abu lwalid al Baji s
Kitab al manahijji tartibi al hijaj
, p. 9.
21
. See the list in Turki s Introduction to Abu lwalid al Baji’s
Kitab al manahij Ji tartibi al hijaj,
p. 10.
22
.Ibid.
23
. A short introduction to the engineering of a secular state’s constitutional framework from humanist Islam is Abdallah Laroui’s “
UIslam, religion prive,”
in chapter 7 of his book
Les origines Sociales et Culturelles du Nationalisme Marocain: 1830-1912
(Paris: Francois Maspero, 1977), pp. 319-327.
24
, A good example is that of the Moroccan
alem
(religious scholar) Alal al Fasi, who contributed to modern state-building first as a scholar and the author of
The Independence Movements in Arab North Africa,
translated by Hazem Zaki Nuseibeh (New York: Octagon Books, 1970), and second as the influential head of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party, one of the most resilient nationalist parties, which survives up to our day.
25
. Mouna Naim,
“La multiplication des anterrens paraboliques menace les pouvoirs établis,” Le Monde,
August 9,1995, p. 14.
26
. Michel Bounajem, “
Télévisions Publiques: S’adapter ou Mourrir,” Arables,
Octo- ber 2001, p. 50.
27
. Naim,
“La multiplication,”
p. 14.
28
. “
Faut-il bûler al-Jazira, la télévision qatarie?”
29
. My translation of “Ibn Al Athir,” “Al Kamil fi Tarikh,” vol. 6 (Beirut: Dar al kutub al
(
ilmiya, 1987), p. 368.
30
. Caria Power and Sudarsan Raghvan, Afghanistan: A New War for Profits,
Newsweek,
November 4,1996, p. 29.
31
. Ibid.
32
. Ahmed Rachid wrote in his book
Taliban, Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamen- talism in Central Asia
that in November 1998, “Unocal withdraws from a 2.9 billion US dollars pipeline project to bring natural gas from Turkmenistan to Turkey as the company cuts spending” (New Haven, CT:Yale University Press, 2000), p. 242.
33
.
bid.
Abbasids
Abraham
Abu Talib
Abu Zahra
c
adala
(justice)
c
adil
(just)
Adonis
ahl al-hadith
ahl al-kitab
c
ajam
(non-Arabs)
c
Ajradi sect
Algeria
c
Ali Ibn Abi Talib
Almoravids
c
Amara, Muhammad
American films
Amin, Ahmad
Amnesty International
c
aql
(reason)
Arab Human Rights Organization
Arabian Nights
Arabsat
Arms imports
Armstrong, Neil
asala
(authenticity)
c
Ashmawi, Qadi
al-Assad, Hafiz
Attali, Jacques
Attar, Farid al-Din
c
azma
(crisis)
Badr, Liana
Baghdad
Bakr, Salwa
al-ba
c
th
(resurrection)
batil
(error)
al-Battani
Berlin Wall
Bourguiba, Habib
Buddhism
al-Bukhari
Bush, George
Cairo
Calendar
Caliph
Campbell, Joseph
Ceaucescu, Nicolae and Elena
Charlemagne
el-Cheikh, Hanane
Christianity
CNN
Colonial governments
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Coordinated Universal Time
Corm, George
dar al-islam
(land of Islam)
day
th
(waste)
Democracy
al-din
(religion)
Djait, Hichem
Egypt
Enlightenment philosophy
falsifa
(philosophers)
al-Farabi
al-Fasi, Muhammad
fitna
(disorder)
France
Fundamentalism
Galileo
Germany
al-gharb
(the West)
gharib
(strange/foreign)
Glucksman, Andre
Goddesses
Greek philosophy
Gulf War
al-Hadi
Hadith
Haguza
al-Hakim bi
c
Amri Allah
Hallaj
al-haqq
(the right)
Harem
Harun al-Rashid
hawa
(desire)
Hejira
hijab
(veil)
hisn
(citadel)
hizb
(party)
hudud
(boundaries)
Humanism
Hunter, James Davison
al-hurriyya
(freedom)
Husayn, Taha
Hussein, Saddam
ibda
c
(creation)
Ibn al-Haytham
Ibn Hazm
Ibn Hisham
Ibn Ishaq, Hunayn
Ibn al-Kalbi
Ibn Kathir
Ibn Manzur
Ibn Muljam
ihdath
(innovation)
ijtihad
(private initiative)
Imam
India
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Italy
i
c
tiqad
(belief)
al-Jabiri, Muhammad
jahiliyya
(pre-Islamic era)
Japan
Jordan
Judaism
al-jumhuriyya
(republic)
al-Jundi, Anwar
Ka
c
ba
kafir
(infidel)
Kahhala,
c
Umar
Kawkabta
Kepler
Kharijites
khayal
(imagination)
Khomeini, Ayatollah
Khwarizmi
King Khalid Military City
Kohl, Helmut
Koran
Koranic schools
Kristeva, Julia
Kuwait, emir of
al-Lat
Lewis, Bernard
Luhayy
Madani, Shaykh
c
Abbas
madinat al-salam
(abode of peace)
Maghrib
Mahmud, Fatima
Malcolm X
Malik Ibn Anas, Imam
al-Ma
mun
Manat
al-Mansur
Marwan Ibn al-Hakam
Marx, Karl
al-Mas
c
udi
Mecca
Media
Medina
mihal
(revealed religions)
Mitterand, Frangois
Morocco
Moses
Mruwa, Husayn
Muhammad, the Prophet
mulhid, mulhidun
(atheist, atheists)
munkar
(injustice)
al-Muqtadi
al-Murakushi
Musaylima
Muslim Brotherhood
Mu
c
tazila
Najadat
Na
c
na
c
, Hamida
Nasir, Gamal
c
Abd al-
Nationalists
nihal
(fabricated beliefs)
Nun
Pakistan
Palestinians
Pharaoh
qadar
(predestination)
Qadiriyya
qarar
(decision making)
Qarmatis
qibla
Queen of Sheba
Quraysh
Radio programs
rahma
(tenderness)
rc
is al-jumhuriyya
(president of the republic)
rc
y
(personal opinion)
al-Razi
Reagan, Ronald
risala
(message)
Riyadh
Rosenthal, F.
Rushdie, Salman
Russell, Bertrand
Saadawi, Nawal El
Sabaeans
al-Sabbah, Su
c
ad
Sadat, Anwar
al-Samman, Ghada
sanam
(idol)
Saudi Arabia
Secular humanism
shahada
(declaration of faith)
Shahrastani
Shahrazad
Shajarat al-Durr
Sha
c
rawi, Huda
shari
c
a
(religious law)
shawa
(desire)
shawush
Shaytan (Satan)
sh
c
a
Shi
c
ite Islam
shirk
(freedom of thought)
Simorgh
Spain
Sufis
Sunni Islam
Suq al-Sabat
Sweden
Syria
ta
c
a
(obedience)
Tabari
taghiya
(tyrant)
al-Tahtawi, Rifa
c
at
tarikh
(calendar, history)
tathir
(purification)
Television
al-Thaqfi, al-Mukhtar
al-thurat
(the heritage)
Toffler, Alvin
Tohidi, Nayereh
Tunisia
c
Umar Ibn
c
Abd al-
c
Aziz
c
Umar Ibn al-Khattab
Umayyads
Umlil,
c
Ali
Umm Khalid
umma
(Muslim community)
United Nations
United Nations Charter
United States
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
c
Uthman
al-
c
Uzza
Venus
wc
d al-banat
(burying daughters alive)
al-Walid Ibn Yazid
West, the
Women
Women's Action Forum
Yemen
Zainab
Zia al-Haq
zindiq
zulm
(injustice)