Authors: Bringing the War Home
12. “The Uprising at Columbia: A Radical View,”
Gadfly
“advertorial,”
Spring 1968. UCB.
13. Jones, “Reminiscences,” Columbia, 58.
14. “On Solidarity—The Communes” (anonymous flyer, 1968). UCB.
15. “DARE WE BE HEROES?” (anonymous flyer, 1968). UCB.
16. Jonah Raskin,
For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 132–33.
17. Ibid., 133.
18. On liberal attitudes towards the war, see Fredrik Logevall,
Choosing War:
The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
19. Thanks to Anne Kornhauser for help in developing this point.
20. Interview with Robert Roth.
21. “The Reminiscences of David Gilbert,” Columbia, 26.
22. Powers,
Diana,
xiii–xiv.
23. Gilbert, Columbia, 131.
24. Roth interview.
25. William H. Orrick Jr.,
College in Crisis: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence
(Nashville: Aurora Publishers, 1969), 3.
26. On the APO, see also Karl A. Otto,
Vom Ostermarsch zur APO:
Geschichte der ausserparlamentarischen Opposition in der Bundesrepublik,
1960–70
(Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 1977), and Philipp Gassert and Pavel A.
Richter,
1968 in West Germany: A Guide to Sources and Literature of the ExtraParliamentarian Opposition
(Washington, D.C.: GHI, 1998).
27. Michael Schmidtke,
Der Aufbruch der jungen Intelligenz: Die 68er-Jahre
in der Bundesrepublik und den USA
(Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 2003).
318
Notes to Pages 32–37
28. Margrit Schiller,
“Es war ein harter Kampf um meine Errinerung”: Ein
Lebensbericht aus der RAF
(Hamburg: Konkret, 1999; reprint, Munich: Peiper, 2001), 87.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 32.
31. Ibid., 87.
32. Brückner,
Ulrike Marie Meinhof,
74.
33. Beate Klarsfled, lecture at the University of Minnesota, October 21, 1997.
She and her husband Serge Klarsfeld, a French Jew whose father was killed in the Holocaust, aided in the capture of Klaus Barbie, the notorious “Butcher of Lyon,” in 1983.
34. On West German opposition to the Vietnam War, see Siegward Lönnendonker und Jochen Staadt, “Die Bedeutung des Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbundes (SDS) für ausserparlamentarische Protestbewegungen im politischen System der Bundesrepublik in den fünzigen und sechziger Jahren” (research paper, Zentralinstitut für sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung der FU, Berlin, 1990).
35. “Schlußerklärung des Frankfurter SDS-Kongresses ‘Vietnam—Analyse eines Exemples,’” in
APO: Die außerparlamentarische Opposition in Quellen
und Dokumenten, 1960–70,
ed. Karl A. Otto (Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1987), 213.
36. Erich Fried, “Gleichheit Brüderlichkeit,” in
CheSchahShit: Die Sechziger
Jahre zwischen Cocktail und Molotov
(Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1986), 207.
37. Peter Fritzsche, “Terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy: Legacy of the ’68 Movement or ‘Burden of Fascism’?”
Terrorism and Political
Violence
1, no. 4 (October 1989): 471.
38. Quoted in ibid., 471.
39. “Anti-U.S. Posters at Dachau,”
New York Times,
November 8, 1966, 18.
40. David Farber,
The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s
(New York: Hill & Wang), 146.
41. Eldridge Cleaver, “Requiem for Non-Violence,” in
Post-Prison Writings
and Speeches,
ed. Robert Scheer (New York: Random House, 1969), 74–75. A few nights later, Cleaver and several Panthers went into the Oakland streets to shoot a white policeman in retaliation for King’s murder; the plan failed, with the police killing Panther Bobby Hutton. David Hilliard and Lewis Cole,
This
Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black
Panther Party
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), 183–96.
42.
The Kerner Report: The 1968 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1988), 1.
43. Ibid., 2.
44. Ibid.
45. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, box 1, interview with Jim Mellen by Bret Eynon (Bret Eynon and the Contemporary History Project, 1981), 6.
46.
Eyes on the Prize, Part II,
video VII.
47. Powers,
Diana,
118.
48. Sale,
SDS,
457.
Notes to Pages 37–44
319
49. Jack Whalen and Richard Flacks,
Beyond the Barricades: The Sixties Generation Grows Up
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 79, 73.
50. Sale,
SDS,
457.
51. Rossinow’s
Politics of Authenticity
exemplifies this new emphasis, as do many of the essays in John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds.,
The New Left Revisited
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003).
52. A detailed examination of the conflict between the New Left and the state is provided by Fritz Sack, Heinz Steinert, et al.,
Protest und Reaktion,
Analysen zum Terrorismus, vol. 4/2 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1984).
53. Gerd Conradt, ed.,
Starbuck Holger Meins: Ein Porträt als Zeitbild
(Berlin: Espresso, 2001), 71.
54. Becker,
Hitler’s Children,
41.
55. Aust,
Baader-Meinhof Group,
44.
56. Quoted in
APO: Die außerparlamentarische Opposition,
ed. Otto, 235–36.
57. Becker,
Hitler’s Children,
40.
58. Quoted in
Spiegel,
no. 34 (May 5, 1968).
59.
Bild,
June 3, 1967.
60. On the film, see Conradt, ed.,
Starbuck Holger Meins,
71–82.
61. On the left’s reaction to the shooting, see Berliner EXTRA-Dienst 31/ II (April 13, 1968) and 32/ II (April 20, 1968).
62.
Spiegel,
no. 34 (May 5, 1968).
63. “Solidaritätsbekundung namhafter Intellektueller vom 13. April, 1968,”
in
APO: Die außerparlamentarische Opposition,
ed. Otto, 264.
64. Michael Baumann,
Terror or Love? Bommi Baumann’s Own Story of
His Life as a West German Urban Guerrilla,
trans. Helene Ellenbogen and Wayne Parker (1977; New York: Grove Press, 1979), 41; originally published as
Wie
alles anfing
(n.d., n.p. [early 1976? Trikont?]).
65. Becker,
Hitler’s Children,
50.
66. Ulrike Meinhof, “Vom Protest zum Widerstand,” in
Dokumente einer
Rebellion: 10 Jahre “konkret”—Kolumnen
(Copenhagen: Konkret, 1972), 81.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid., “Warenhausbrandstiftung,” 87–88.
69. Becker,
Hitler’s Children,
86, 65.
70. Documents related to the trial are contained in Reinhard Rauball, ed.,
Aktuelle Dokumente: Die Baader-Meinhof-Gruppe
(Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1972), 190–210.
71. Herbert Marcuse, “Repressive Tolerance,” in Robert Paul Wolff, Barrington Moore Jr., and Herbert Marcuse,
A Critique of Pure Tolerance
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), 95, 82.
72. Ibid., 83.
73. Ibid., 116.
74. Ibid., 102–3; 116–17.
75. Rudi Dutschke, Bahman Nirumand, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, et al.,
“Gewalt,”
konkret,
no. 6 (June 1968), 25–26.
76. Ibid., 25, 35.
77. Ibid., 27.
320
Notes to Pages 44–52
78. Ibid., 26.
79. Herbert Marcuse,
One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), x.
80. Ibid., ix.
81. Ibid., 256.
82. Such praise peaked with Marcuse’s
An Essay on Liberation
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), which he dedicated to the French students of the May 1968
rebellion. Correcting possible misconceptions, he declared to a Berlin audience in 1967: “I have never said that the student opposition today is by itself a revolutionary force, nor have I ever seen in the hippies the ‘heir of the proletariat’!”
Herbert Marcuse, “The Problem of Violence and the Radical Opposition,” in
Five Lectures: Psychoanalysis, Politics and Utopia,
trans. Jeremy Shapiro and Shierry Weber (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970), 93.
83. Interview with Russell Neufeld.
84. “The Real SDS Stands Up,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 17.
85. Ibid., 17.
86. “Toward a Revolutionary Youth Movement,” in
Debate within SDS: RYM
II vs Weatherman,
ed. Radical Education Project (Detroit: Radical Education Project, 1969), 1.
87. Ibid.
88. See, e.g., “More on Youth Movement,” “Notes on Class: Some Implications for the Revolutionary Youth Movement” in ibid.
89. Interview with Bernardine Dohrn.
90. Cathy Wilkerson, Mike Spiegal, and Les Coleman, “The False Privilege,”
New Left Notes,
October 7, 1968.
91. “Toward a Revolutionary Youth Movement,” 1.
92. Mellen interview, 21–22.
93. Nicholas von Hoffman,
San Francisco Chronicle,
June 21, 1969, 5. See also Sale,
SDS,
559–79.
94. Johnathen Lerner, “I Was a Terrorist,”
Washington Post Magazine,
February 20, 2002, A4.
95. Karen Ashley, Bill Ayers, et al., “You Don’t Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows,”
New Left Notes,
June 18, 1969, in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs. Quotations from 51–53.
96. Ibid., 52.
97. Ibid., 65.
98. Ibid., 70.
99. Ibid., 58.
100. Ibid., 89.
101. Harry Magdoff,
The Age of Imperialism: The Economics of U.S. Foreign Policy
(New York: Modern Reader Paperbacks, 1969), 14–15. For a con-cise history of the idea of imperialism, see Patrick Wolfe, “Imperialism and History: A Century of Theory from Marx to Postcolonialism,”
American Historical
Review
102, no. 2 (April 1997): 388–420.
102. Neufeld interview.
103. Mellen interview, 14.
104. Ibid.
Notes to Pages 53–58
321
105. Dohrn interview.
106. Weatherman did not envision the common dynamic in the contemporary global economy, described as the “race to the bottom,” in which U.S.-owned multinational corporations close down domestic facilities and transfer their operations to countries with highly exploitable labor forces. See, among countless critiques of globalization, Cyrus Bina, Laurie Clements, and Chuck Davis, eds.,
Beyond Survival: Wage Labor in the Late Twentieth Century
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1996).
107. Braley interview.
108. Neufeld interview.
109. Roth interview.
110. Ibid.
111. Ashley, Ayers, et al., “You Don’t Need a Weatherman,” 65.
112. Jack Weinberg and Jack Gleason, “SDS and the Movement: Where Do We Go From Here?” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 112.
113. A RYM II statement was drafted at the convention, where eventual RYM
II members suppressed their differences with the Weathermen so as to present a unified front against PL. RYM II became a distinct group in the weeks following and soon displaced PL as Weatherman’s chief rival. With its emergence, Weatherman became known also as “RYM I.”
114. Mike Klonsky, Noel Ignatin, et al., “Revolutionary Youth Movement II (RYM II),” in
Debate within SDS,
ed. Radical Education Project, 15.
115. For early criticisms of Weatherman, see Todd Gitlin, “New Left: Old Traps,” James Weinstein, “Weatherman: A Lot of Thunder but a Short Reign,”
and Michael Lerner, “Weatherman: The Politics of Despair,” all in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs.
116. Carl Oglesby, “1969,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 135.
117. Paul Breines, “From Guru to Spectre: Marcuse and the Implosion of the Movement,” in
Critical Interruptions: New Left Perspectives on Herbert Marcuse,
ed. Paul Breines (New York: Herder & Herder, 1970), 9–10.
118. Ibid., 14.
119. Gilbert, Columbia, 158.
120. Interview by WAAC Radio, Terre Haute, Indiana, quoted in FBI report
“Foreign Influence—Weather Underground Organization (WUO),” August 20, 1976, 218–19. FBI-WUO.
121. Régis Debray,
Revolution in the Revolution?
(New York: Grove Press, 1967).
122. Interview with Jeff Jones.
123. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, box 1, interview with Nais Raulet by Ellen Fishman, 1978 (Bret Eynon and the Contemporary History Project, 1981), 6.
124. Grievances with the leadership seem to have been near-universal among the rank and file, though they vary in nature and intensity.
125. Raulet interview, 7, 9.
126. This happened, most notoriously, in Cleveland in August of 1969. Raulet interview, 10. Roth interview.
127. Dohrn interview.
322
Notes to Pages 58–66
128. Hirsch-Dubin interview. Phoebe Hirsch is now married and takes the name Hirsch-Dubin.
129. Neufeld interview; “The Reminiscences of Cathlyn Wilkerson,” Columbia, 71.
130. Larry Grathwohl, as told to Frank Reagan,
Bringing America Down:
An FBI Informant with the Weathermen
(New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1976), 112–22.
131. Ayers interview.
132. Hirsch-Dubin interview.
133. Wilkerson, Columbia, 70.
134. Raulet interview, 5.
135. Dohrn interview.
136. Hirsch-Dubin interview.
137. On the last point, Wilkerson, Columbia, 73.
138. Raulet interview, 8.
139. Ayers interview.
140. Neufeld interview.
141. Interview with anonymous Weatherwoman.
142. Raulet interview, 7.
143. “Look At It: America 1969,” in
Weatherman,
ed. H. Jacobs, 168.
144. Sale,
SDS,
587–88.