Katherine Howard: A New History (31 page)

Read Katherine Howard: A New History Online

Authors: Conor Byrne

4) ‘Strange, Restless Years’
 
  1. 1.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 819.
  2. 2.Hume, Chronicle of Henry VIII, pp. 72-3.
  3. 3.Holinshed
    , Chronicle.
  4. 4.
    Lords’ Journals,
    p. 84;
    Statutes of the Realm, 28 Henry VIII.
  5. 5.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 819; Holinshed,
    Chronicle.
  6. 6.
    Lords’ Journals, Statutes of the Realm, 28 Henry VIII.
  7. 7.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 70.
  8. 8.
    Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell,
    p. 19.
  9. 9.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 48.
  10. 10.
    LP,
    X, 1021; XI, 7.
  11. 11.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 50.
  12. 12.Ibid, pp. 53-4.
  13. 13.Cottonian MSS., Vespasian, F. xiii, f. 75.
  14. 14.
    House of Howard
    , p. 188.
  15. 15.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , pp. 54-5.
  16. 16.Ibid, p. 51.
  17. 17.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 820.
  18. 18.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , pp. 56-8.
  19. 19.Ibid, pp. 57-8;
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 823.
  20. 20.
    SP,
    Hen. VIII, I, p. 494.
  21. 21.Cited by Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , p. 104.
  22. 22.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 824.
  23. 23.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 60.
  24. 24.Ibid, pp. 64-5.
  25. 25.
    SP,
    Hen. VIII, V, p. 9.
  26. 26.
    House of Howard
    , pp. 226-8.
  27. 27.
    SP,
    Hen. VIII, V, p. 325.
  28. 28.
    House of Howard
    , pp. 229-30.
  29. 29.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 64.
  30. 30.
    LP,
    XI, 9.
  31. 31.Ibid, X, 901, 908.
  32. 32.See Elizabeth Wheeler,
    Men of power: court intrigue in the life of Catherine Howard
    , pp. 224, 236-7 for example.
  33. 33.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 825.
  34. 34.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 67.
  35. 35.Ibid, pp. 68-9.
  36. 36.
    LP,
    XII, 1060.
  37. 37.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 825.
  38. 38.Ibid.
  39. 39.
    LP,
    XIII, 995.
  40. 40.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 74.
  41. 41.Ibid.
  42. 42.Ibid, pp. 85-6.
  43. 43.
    House of Howard
    , pp. 236-7.
  44. 44.Ibid, p. 238.
  45. 45.Ibid, p. 245.
  46. 46.Ibid, p. 246.
  47. 47.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 88.
  48. 48.
    Hall’s Chronicle,
    p. 827.
  49. 49.Ibid, p. 826.
  50. 50.R. McEntegart, ‘Fatal Matrimony: Henry VIII and the Marriage of Anne of Cleves’ in D. Starkey (ed.),
    Henry VIII: a European Court
    , p. 140.
  51. 51.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 826.
  52. 52.
    LP
    , XIV, 62.
  53. 53.M. Warnicke, ‘Anne of Cleves, Queen of England’,
    History Review
    (2005).
  54. 54.A.G. Dickens,
    Thomas Cromwell and the English Reformation
    , v. pp. 166-7.
  55. 55.See Chapter 2.
  56. 56.
    St. P.
    I, pp. 604-5;
    LP,
    XIV, 552.
  57. 57.
    LP
    , XIV, 33; Agnes Strickland,
    Lives of the Queens of England
    , III, pp. 35-60.
  58. 58.Barbara J. Harris, ‘Women and Politics in Early Tudor England’,
    The Historical Journal
    33 (1990), 274.
  59. 59.Henry Ellis,
    Letters,
    2nd series, II, p. 41.
  60. 60.
    LP
    , XV, 229; Strickland,
    Queens of England,
    III, p. 63.
  61. 61.Byrne,
    Lisle Letters,
    IV, p. 895; VI, p. 10.
  62. 62.See Wheeler,
    Court intrigue
    , p. 170.
  63. 63.Alison Wall, ‘Baynton Family (per. 1508-1716), gentry’,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    ; Pamela Y. Stanton, ‘Sir Thomas Arundell (c.1502-1552), administrator and convicted conspirator’,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
    .
  64. 64.See http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/NORREYS.htm; Byrne, ‘Birth and childhood’ for Katherine’s age; A. Weir,
    Mary Boleyn: ‘The Great and Infamous Whore’
    (Jonathan Cape, 2011), pp. 147-9 for Katherine Carey’s birth.
  65. 65.Hastings Robinson (ed.)
    Original Letters relative to the English Reformation written during the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary, chiefly from the archives of Zurich
    (1847), p. 201.
  66. 66.Martin Hume,
    The Chronicle of Henry VIII,
    p. 75.
  67. 67.Burnet,
    Reformation,
    IV, 71, p. 505.
  68. 68.Ibid, III, 7, p. 130.
  69. 69.Quoted by Laura Gowing, ‘Women, Status and the Popular Culture of Dishonour’,
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series
    6 (1996), 225; Mark Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity: Sexual Jealousy in Early Modern England’,
    Feminist Studies
    19 (1993), 382-3.
  70. 70.
    LP,
    XIV, II, 388.
  71. 71.
    St. P.
    VII, pp. 212-3.
  72. 72.
    LP,
    XIV, II, 754.
  73. 73.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 833.
  74. 74.Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Henry VIII’s Greeting of Anne of Cleves and Early Modern Court Protocol’,
    Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
    28 (1996), 570-85.
  75. 75.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 833.
  76. 76.Strype,
    Ecclesiastical Memorials
    VI, pp. 215-16.
  77. 77.F. J. Furnivall (ed.),
    Ballads from Manuscripts: Ballads on the Condition of England in Henry VIII’s and Edward VI’s Reign
    (2 vols., London, 1868-72), I, p. 374.
  78. 78.Ibid, I, p. 376.
  79. 79.
    LP,
    XI, 7
5) From Mistress to Queen
 
  1. 1.
    House of Howard
    , p. 267.
  2. 2.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy,
    pp. 94-5.
  3. 3.Denny,
    Katherine Howard,
    chapters 9-12. Alison Weir,
    The Six Wives of Henry VIII
    (London, 1991), writes in much the same vein: ‘she [Katherine] had been deliberately placed in the Queen’s household as a maid of honour with detailed instructions as to how to attract the King’s attention’, p. 413.
  4. 4.Burnet,
    Reformation,
    III, 7, p. 130.
  5. 5.Sir Thomas Wyatt,
    Collected Poems
    (J. Daalder, ed., Oxford, 1975), CVII, p. 112.
  6. 6.Byrne,
    Lisle
    , IV, 887; NA SP 1/168, ff. 64-5.
  7. 7.Anne Laurence,
    Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History
    , p. 66.
  8. 8.Robert Cawdry,
    A Godlye Form of Household Government
    (1598), cited by Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 388.
  9. 9.NA E101/422/15.
  10. 10.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , pp. 833-4.
  11. 11.Ibid, p. 835.
  12. 12.Ibid, pp. 835-6.
  13. 13.Kate Emerson, ‘Lists of Women at the Tudor Court’ (2013); accessed online at http://www.kateemersonhistoricals.com/lists.htm.
  14. 14.Strype,
    Ecclesiastical Memorials
    VI, pp. 214-16.
  15. 15.Burnet,
    History of the Reformation
    IV, pp. 424-5;
    LP
    , XV, 823.
  16. 16.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 111.
  17. 17.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 836.
  18. 18.Burnet,
    History of the Reformation
    , IV, p. 427.
  19. 19.Retha M. Warnicke,
    The Marrying of Anne of Cleves
    (Cambridge, 2000), p. 166.
  20. 20.Roper,
    Oedipus and the Devil
    , pp. 138, 188.
  21. 21.Laura Gowing, ‘Women’s Bodies and the Making of Sex in Seventeenth-Century England’,
    Signs
    37 (2012).
  22. 22.Strype,
    Ecclesiastical Memorials
    VI, pp. 220-1; Burnet,
    History of the Reformation,
    IV, p. 430.
  23. 23.
    St. P.
    I, pp. 604-5;
    LP,
    XVI, 552.
  24. 24.Warnicke, ‘Anne of Cleves’.
  25. 25.Strype,
    Ecclesiastical Memorials
    VI, pp. 221-2.
  26. 26.Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , pp. 637-8; Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , Chapter 5; Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , Chapter 11, for example.
  27. 27.P.R.O.,
    S.P.
    I, 168, f.60;
    LP,
    XVI, 1409.
  28. 28.Suggested by Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 58.
  29. 29.
    LP
    , XV, 901.
  30. 30.Cited by Strickland,
    Memoirs
    , p. 329.
  31. 31.George Cavendish,
    The Life of Cardinal Wolsey and Metrical Visions
    , p. 64;
    LP
    , XVI,
  32. 32.Hastings Robinson,
    Original Letters relative to the English Reformation written during the reigns of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary, chiefly from the archives of Zurich
    (1847), p. 202.
  33. 33.
    LP
    , XV, 613, 686.
  34. 34.Eric Carlson, ‘Courtship in Tudor England’,
    History Today,
    43, 8 (1993).
  35. 35.
    Third Report of the Deputy Keeper,
    App. II, pp. 264-5.
  36. 36.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 838.
  37. 37.
    Original Letters
    , p. 202.
  38. 38.Ibid, p. 205.
  39. 39.
    LP
    , XV, 831.
  40. 40.Greg Walker, ‘Henry VIII and the Invention of the Royal Court’,
    History Today
    , 47, 2 (1997).
  41. 41.David Starkey, ‘From Feud to Faction: English Politics 1450-1550’,
    History Today
    , 32, 11 (1982).
  42. 42.
    LP,
    XII, 1150; XVI, 1366.
  43. 43.Ibid, XII, 711, 808.
  44. 44.Ibid, IX, 612.
  45. 45.John Stow,
    A Survey of London
    (Charles Lethbridge, 2 vols., ed., Oxford, 1908), II, pp. 99-100.
  46. 46.Tudor PCC Will Transcription, L. L. Duncan, 54, p. 28.
  47. 47.
    Original Letters
    , p. 227.
  48. 48.Warnicke,
    Wicked Women
    , p. 68.
  49. 49.Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , pp. 189-90.
  50. 50.Ibid, p. 88.
  51. 51.Edward Herbert,
    The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth
    (1649), p. 456.
  52. 52.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 838.
  53. 53.Glyn Redworth,
    In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner
    (Oxford, 1990), pp. 106-7.
  54. 54.
    LP
    , XV, 766.
  55. 55.Ibid, XV, 785.
  56. 56.Diarmaid MacCulloch,
    Thomas Cranmer
    (Yale, 1996), p. 272.
  57. 57.Ibid, XV, 736.
  58. 58.Warnicke,
    Anne of Cleves,
    p. 183.
  59. 59.Ibid, pp. 184-5;
    LP
    , XV, 848.
  60. 60.
    LP
    , XV, 850.
  61. 61.Warnicke, ‘Anne of Cleves’.
  62. 62.L. Stone,
    Broken Lives: Separation and Divorce in England 1660-1857
    (Oxford, 1993), p. 22.
  63. 63.Wheeler,
    Court intrigue
    , p. 178.
  64. 64.Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , p. 649.
  65. 65.Gowing, ‘Women’s Bodies’.
  66. 66.See Linda A. Pollock, ‘Honor, Gender, and Reconciliation in Elite Culture, 1570-1700’,
    Journal of British Studies
    46 (2007).
  67. 67.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 839.
  68. 68.
    Original Letters
    , II, p. 159;
    LP
    , XV, 845.
  69. 69.
    LP
    , XV, 908, 925.
  70. 70.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 839
6) Katerina Regina
 
  1. 1.
    LP
    XVIII 873.
  2. 2.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 840; Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , pp. 121-2; Wheeler,
    Court intrigue
    , p. 181; Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , p. 649.
  3. 3.
    Hall’s Chronicle
    , p. 840.
  4. 4.
    LP
    XV 902, 916.
  5. 5.Ibid, XV, 902.
  6. 6.Hume,
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , p. 76.
  7. 7.
    LP
    XVI 12.
  8. 8.See Chapter 1.
  9. 9.‘HOWARD, Sir George (1519-80), of London and Kidbrooke, Kent’ in S. T. Bindoff (ed.),
    The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509-1558
    (Boydell and Brewer, 1982), pp. 399-400.
  10. 10.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , p. 76.
  11. 11.
    LP
    XVI 128.
  12. 12.For Katherine’s household, see
    LP
    XV 21.
  13. 13.
    LP
    XV 875.
  14. 14.
    LP
    XV 21.
  15. 15.Eric Ives,
    The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
    (Oxford, 2005), p. 205.
  16. 16.Maria Dowling, ‘A Woman’s Place? Learning and the Wives of Henry VIII’,
    History Today
    41 6 (1991).
  17. 17.John Matusiak, ‘Faction, Intrigue and Influence at the Mid-Tudor Court’,
    History Review
    (2012); accessed online at http://www.historytoday.com/john-matusiak/faction-intrigue-and-influence-mid-tudor-court.
  18. 18.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 186.
  19. 19.
    LP
    , XVI, 217.
  20. 20.Ibid.
  21. 21.Lionel Cust, ‘A Portrait of Queen Catherine Howard, by Hans Holbein the Younger’,
    Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
    17 (1910), 193.
  22. 22.Fraser,
    Six Wives of Henry VIII
    , believes that the sitter’s black dress signifies that she is a widow, and on this basis, identifies the sitter as the former widow Elizabeth Seymour, sister of Queen Jane, and wife of Gregory Cromwell, p. 386. Roy Strong,
    Tudor Portraits
    , I, pp. 41-4 agrees, suggesting the sitter is Elizabeth Cromwell. Other historians dispute this; Alison Weir questions whether the daughter of a mere knight (John Seymour) would be entitled to wear such rich dress and suggests that it is significant that at least three copies of this portrait survive (email to the author).
  23. 23.Cust, ‘Portrait of Catherine’, 194.
  24. 24.Ibid.
  25. 25.
    Chronicle of Henry VIII
    , p. 77.
  26. 26.
    LP
    XVI 804.
  27. 27.For Katherine’s inventory, see
    LP
    XVI 1389.
  28. 28.William Thomas,
    The Pilgrim: A Dialogue on the Life and Actions of King Henry the Eighth
    (ed. J. Froude, London, 1861), p. 58.
  29. 29.See Chapter 1.
  30. 30.Cust, ‘A Portrait of Catherine’, 194.
  31. 31.Strong,
    Tudor and Jacobean Portraits
    , p. 41.
  32. 32.See, for instance, the 1544 portrait painted by Master John.
  33. 33.Rosalind K. Marshall, ‘Douglas, Lady Margaret, countess of Lennox (1515-1578),
    noblewoman
    ’,
    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  34. 34.Denny,
    Katherine Howard
    , p. 98.
  35. 35.Starkey,
    Six Wives
    , pp. xxv, 651.
  36. 36.Susan E. James, ‘Lady Margaret Douglas and Sir Thomas Seymour by Holbein: Two Miniatures Re-identified’,
    Apollo
    147 (435), 1998, pp. 15-16.
  37. 37.Ibid, p. 17.
  38. 38.Fraser,
    Six Wives
    , pp. 406-7.
  39. 39.
    LP
    , XVI, 217.
  40. 40.Waagen,
    Die vornehmsten Kunstdenkmäler in Wien
    , pp336-7; Ganz,
    Hans Holbein d. J.: Des Meisters Gemälde
    , p.245.
  41. 41.
    Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America
    , no. 222.
  42. 42.James,
    Susanna Horenbout, Levina Teerlinc, and the mask of royalty,
    p124.
  43. 43.Nigel Reynolds, ‘The true beauty of Lady Jane Grey’,
    The Telegraph
    5 March 2007 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1544576/The-true-beauty-of-Lady-Jane-Grey.html; last accessed 20/07/13).
  44. 44.Baldwin Smith,
    A Tudor Tragedy
    , p. 10.
  45. 45.Weir,
    Six Wives of Henry VIII
    , p. 3.
  46. 46.Plowden,
    Tudor Women: Queens and Commoners
    , p. 96.
  47. 47.Diarmaid MacCulloch, review of E. W. Ives
    The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
    (2004); available online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/?xml=/arts/2004/07/18/boive18.xml.
  48. 48.Wriothesley,
    Chronicle
    , p. 123.
  49. 49.
    LP
    XVI 60.
  50. 50.Ibid, XVI, 223.
  51. 51.Ibid, XVI, 26.
  52. 52.Strickland,
    Memoirs
    , p. 291.
  53. 53.Breitenberg, ‘Anxious Masculinity’, 384-8.
  54. 54.See Chapter 5.

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