Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties (182 page)

Read Modern Times: The World From the Twenties to the Nineties Online

Authors: Paul Johnson

Tags: #History, #World, #20th Century

Japan National Essence Society, 184

Japanese-Soviet Pact (1941), 429

Jarahilla, Delfin, 428

Jerusalem, 483, 666

Jessner, Leopold, 113

Jesuits, 703

Jeunesses Patnotes
, 146

Jewish Agency, 482, 483

Jewish National Home, 481–2

Jews: conflict with Arabs, 481–2, 485–6, 491; extermination of, 130, 133, 382, 413–22, 482; in Poland, 39; terrorist groups, 482–4

Jodl, General Alfred, 397, 400

John
XXIII
, Pope, 702

John Paul II, Pope, 701, 702, 703, 704, 706

Johnson, Hewlett, 276, 545

Johnson, General Hugh, 16, 256

Johnson, Lyndon, 257, 649, 650, 651, 652; and welfare state, 17, 638–9, 640–1; and Vietnam, 460, 634–8; and space programme, 629; high-spending illusions, 638, 640; and civil rights, 645–6; victim of media, 646–7

Johnson, Dr Samuel, 738

Johnson-Reed Act (1924), 205

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 407

Jones, Ernest, 6

Jones, Thomas, 38, 174

Jordan, 43, 666, 708

Jordan, Hamilton, 674

Joyce, James, 9–10

Juan Carlos of Spain, 608, 609, 610

Jung, Carl, 5, 6, 207

Jungdeutscher Orden
, 124

Jünger, Ernst, 19

‘Jupiter complex’, 402, 404, 405

Kádar, János, 759

Kafka, Franz, 117

Kaganovich, I. M., 302, 675

Kagwar, Michael, 534

Kahane, Rabbi Meir, 707

Kahn, Otto 235

Kahr, Gustav von, 298

kais, 184, 189

Kaiser, Henry, 402

Kaiser, Jakob, 582

Kalinim, Mikhail I., 455

Kamejama, Kazuki, 398

Kamenev, Lev B., 49,
59, 80, 262, 264–5, 266, 268, 300

Kampf, Professor Louis, 644

Kang Sheng, 556, 558

Kant, Immanuel, 699–700

Kao Kang, 549

Kapp, Wolfgang, 124

Karamanlis, Cons tan tine, 611

Kardelj, Edward, 448

Karmal, Babrak, 718

Kasavubu, Joseph, 515, 516

Kashmir, 474, 568

Katanga, 515, 539

Katelawata, Sir John, 475

Kato, Admiral Tomosaburo, 185

Katyn massacre, 318, 373

Katz, Otto, 336

Kaunda, Kenneth, 530

Kautsky, Karl, 52, 108

Kawawa, Rashidi, 538

Kazan, 681

Keitel, General Wilhelm 352, 353, 362

Kellen, Horace, 206

Kempei Tai (special police), 184

Kennan, George, 344, 345, 356, 385, 437, 442, 460, 462, 464, 632

Kennedy, John F., 586, 640, 647, 650, 664; universalist policy, 614–15; and Cuban problem, 624–9; space programme, 629–30; and Vietnam, 630, 633–4, 635;

poverty programme, 638; and civil rights, 645 Kennedy, Joseph, 345, 370

Kennedy, Robert, 459, 614, 624, 626, 627, 650, 660

Kenseikai party, 183

Kenya, 517, 518, 727; race discrimination, 159, 520, 527

Kenyatta, Jomo, 518, 531

Kerekou, Mathieu, 542

Kerensky, Alexander, 21, 61, 63, 66, 92, 198

Kern, Jerome, 227

Kerr, Clark, 641, 642

Ketsumedian society, 184

Keynes, John Maynard, 29–30, 152, 356; and VersaiUes Treaty, 28–9, 30, 34, 106, 108, 139, 348; and German financial policy, 134, 136; on economics as ethics, 166; on return to gold, 164; and Bloomsbury Group, 167, 169, 170; and credit-inflation, 233, 235, 240; and stabilization, 235; on Hoover, 242, 244; and reflation by deficit finance, 255; on war stimulus to US economic recovery, 257; 1945 bankruptcy report, 466, 467

Keynesianism, 241, 248, 659, 669

KGB (Committee of State Security), 535, 688, 689

Khachaturian, Aram, 453

Khama, Seretse, 526

Khan, Marshal Ayub, 568

Khan, General Tikka, 569

Khieu Samphan, 656

Khmer Rouge, 654, 656

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 710, 713, 716–17

Khrushchev, Nikita, 302, 449, 451, 479, 551, 677; criticism of Stalin, 270, 300, 372, 441, 454, 455, 549–50; on Mao, 545, 546; on Communist victory through ‘national liberation wars’, 615; brinkmanship in Cuban missile crisis, 625–7; his leadership, 675–6; attempts at liberalization, 675, 678, 679; ousted, 676; use of penal psychiatry, 681; ‘decolonization’, 721; agricultural policy, 725–6

kibbutz
movement, 488 729

Kielce pogrom (1946), 482

Kim II-sung, 450

King, Cecil, 368

King, Mackenzie, 174

King, Martin Luther, 650

Kingoro, Hashimoto, 189

Kinnock, Neil, 746

Kipling, Rudyard, 169

Kirov, Sergei, 299–300

Kissinger, Henry, 651, 667, 668, 669

Klausener, Ernst 298

Klee, Paul, 114

Kleist-Schwenzin, Ewald von, 353

Klerk, F.W. de, 729

Knickerbocker, H.R., 132

Kodo
(‘Imperial Way’), 315

Koestler, Arthur, 303, 328

Kohl, Helmut, 763

Kokoschka, Oskar, 114

Kokuryukai sect, 183

Kolakowski, Leszek, 271, 728

Kolchak, Admiral, 75

Koltzov, Michael, 335

Kolyma death camps, 304

Konovalek Evhen, 335

Konoye, Prince Fumimaro, 428

Korea, 187; Korean War, 450–1, 452, 460–1, 463, 493, 548, 631; South Korea, 729–30, 735, 736

Kornilov, General 63

Korsah, Sir Arku, 511

Kortner, Fritz, 116

Kosygin, Alexei, 302, 555

Koussevitsky, Serge, 227

Kovarev, S.V., 304

Krauch, Karl, 422

Krim, Belkachem, 497

Kristallnacht
(Nov. 1938), 293

Krivitzky, Walter, 335

Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 79–80, 82, 93, 263

Krupps, 139, 282, 293, 422

Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 50, 51, 87

Krzhizhanovskaya, Madame, 52

Ku-Klux Klan, 203, 204, 206

Kubota Iron and Machinery Works, 722

Kuibyshev, V.V., 84

kulaks
, 60, 269, 270–2

Kulturbolschewismus
, 114

Kun, Béla, 95, 122, 242, 302

Kuominchun, 195

Kuomintang (KMT), 192, 194–5, 196, 199, 315–16, 317, 444, 446, 458

Kurchatov, Igor, 409

Kurds, 714, 773

Kuwait, 666, 670, 733, 768–74

Kuznetsov, A. A., 455

Kuznetsov, Admiral N.G., 372

Kwajalein, 423

Kwantung army, 202

Kyemba, Henry, 534

Kyemba, Teresa, 535

La Chambre, Guy, 365

Labour Party, British, 122, 348, 368, 436, 601–3, 746

Lacalle, Garcia, 337

Lacan, Jacques, 695

Lacoste, Robert, 500, 501

Lae garrison, New Guinea, 428

Lagarde, Paul de, 120

Lagos, 540, 541

Laidler, Harry, 260

Lakoba, Nestor, 303

Lammers, Dr Hans, 291, 292

Lamont, Norman, 746

Land Apportionment Act (S. Rhodesia, 1930), 159

Land and Water Act (US, 1964), 661

Landau, Kurt, 334

Landau, Saul, 628

Landry, Adolphe, 588

Lang, Cosmo Gordon, Archbishop, 350

Lang, Fritz, 113, 131

Langbehn, Julius, 120

Lange, David, 746

Lansbury, George, 348

Lansdale, Edward, 631

Lansing, Robert, 26, 27, 33

Lanslcy, Meyer, 212

Lanusse, General Alejandro, 618

Lanz von Liebenfels, Jörg, 130

Laso, 631, 633, 657, 717

Las Vegas, 212

Lasker-Schüler, Else, 114

Laski, Harold, 219, 275, 348

Lateran Treaty (1929), 579

Latin America, 704, 705–6, 724

Latsis, M.Y., 68, 70, 122

Latvia, 361, 415, 765

Laval, Pierre, 365

Lavritskaya, Dr Elizaveta, 682

law, rule of, 577, 697; Cuba ending of, 623; Japanese rejection, 312; Nazi rejection, 289–91; Soviet replacement by plan, 679; Weimar Republic erosion, 123

Lawrence, D.H., 136, 171, 207, 248

Lawrence, T.E., 22

Lawther, Will, 583

Le Duan, 657

leaders, popular, 698

League of Nations, 103, 106, 235, 321; idea and creation of, 23, 28, 30–5, 170; Wilson’s attitude to, 25, 28–9, 31–2, 33, 34, 43; mandates, 43; British Foreign Office hatred of, 172; Japan leaves, 310; and sanctions, 320, 321; Italy leaves, 321

League of Nations Union, 350

Leahy, Admiral William D., 435, 438

Lebanon, 148, 708, 709

Lee Kuan Yew, 735–6

Leeb, General Ritter von, 362

Leese, Arnold Spencer, 348

Left: German, 123–4, 125, 128, 281–2, 286; Spanish, 322–3, 324–8, 329, 333, 338

Left Book Club, 336

Leguia, Juan, 234

Lend-Lease, 371, 384, 445

Lenin, V.I., 9, 15, 22, 23, 117, 122, 171, 180, 194, 198, 264, 293, 296, 701; return to Russia from exile, 49–50, 54, 58–9; background and character, 50–8; hatred of religion, 50–1; abstract humanitarianism, 51; isolation from people, 52, 58; creation of Bolshevik faction, 52, 59, 61; and will to power, 52, 55, 67, 75; authoritarianism, 52–3; on Marxism as objective truth, 53; not an orthodox Marxist, 54–6; his view of revolution, 54-6, 58, 85–6, 181; obsession with violence, 55, 56, 58, 66, 121, 123, 262; and ‘proletarian consciousness’, 55, 56, 57; use of vanguard fighters, 55, 56, 57, 63, 81, 83, 89, 95, 134, 181; approval and envy of Mussolini, 57–8; anti-war policy, 58–9, 61; aim to oust parliamentarians, 59, 61–2, 123; and October Revolution, 62–4; use of Soviets in ‘dictatorship of proletariat’, 62, 63, 64, 78; take-over of power, 64–5; use of spurious legality, 64; control of press, 64–5; use of terror and oppressive police power, 66–71, 85–6, 687; abolition of idea of personal guilt, 70, 71; collective extermination, 70–1, 419; establishment of repressive regime and dictatorship, 71–85, 622; dissolves Constituent Assembly, 71–2; peace treaty with Germany, 72–3; Allied attitude to, 73–4; support from Germany, 76; and democratic centralism, 77, 81; and ‘voluntary union’ of nationalities, 77–8; elimination of non-party opposition, 78–80; placing of power in party hands, 80–1; destruction of opposition within party, 81–5; concentration in himself of power in parry, 82–4; hatred of democracy, 85; brain disease, 87; breach with Stalin, 87; death, 88; weakness and failure of his despotism, 88–94; and state control of economy, 89; and Germany’s ‘state capitalism’, 90; and labour force, 90–2; and peasants, 92–3, 94, 268, 270; ‘New Economic Policy’, 93; on anti-Semitism, 117; compared with Hitler, 129–30, 132; and imperialism, 153, 167, 721; on socialism in US, 213; use of penal psychiatry, 681; denounces middlemen, 725

Leningrad: Hermitage collection, 269; purges in, 301, 302, 455

Leninism: African imitation of 518, 528; and charismatic leadership, 512; Cold War inherent in, 435; and colonialism, 198; containment of, 465; model for totalitarianism, 277, 675; proto-fascism, 56, 58, 102, 277; and self-determination, 74

Leonov, Leonid, 454

Leopold II of the Belgians, 158

Lepeshinskaya, O.B., 454

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 152

Lesotho, 542

Lessing, Theodor, 116

Lever Brothers, 155

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 695

Levy, Bernard-Henri, 576

Lewis, John L., 650

Lewis, Sinclair, 224, 226

Lewis, Wyndham, 170, 171

Leyte, 423

Li Ta-Chao, 194

Li Tsung-jen, Marshal, 199

‘liberation theology’, 705

Liberia, 541, 542

Libya, 369, 374, 526, 532, 539, 541, 667, 715, 742, 752;
see abo
Gadafy

Liddy, Gordon, 652

Lie, Trygve, 491

Lieberman, S., 81

Liebknecht, Karl, 95, 303

Ligger, Walter, 211

Lin Piao, 547, 548, 552, 554, 562

Lindley, Sir Frances, 310

Lippmann, Walter, 30, 206, 228, 251, 258, 474

Lissauer, Ernst, 121

Literary Guild, 225

Lithuania, 39, 361, 415, 765

Little Rock, 645

Litvinov, Maxim, 345, 359

Liu Shao-chi, 552, 554, 555, 556, 558

Liyang, 200

Lloyd George, David, 16, 41, 43, 45, 163, 254; and peace talks, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 106; and Bolsheviks, 74; and Anglo-Japanese alliance, 173; admirer of Hitler, 306

Loans to Industry
ACT
(US, 1934), 255

Locarno, Treaty of (1925), 147, 321

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 32, 34, 204, 320

logic, 699–700

Lombroso, Cesare, 12

London, Treaty of (1915), 21

London and County Bank, 669

London Naval Treaty (1930), 309, 312, 319

Long, Leo, 172, 347

‘Long March’, 315, 443

Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 218, 219

Löns, Herman, 118

Lorca, García, 328

Lord, Robert, H., 27

Lorraine, 21, 140, 141

Lorre, Peter, 116

Lothian, Lord, 348, 349

Louly, Ould, 542

Lourenco, Agostinho, 607

Lubbe, Martinus van der, 285

Lubeck, bombing of, 403

Lubitsch, Ernst, 113

Luce, Henry, 438

Ludendorff, General Erich von, 15, 16, 24, 49, 105, 109, 141, 342; ‘war socialism’, 90, 141; scheme for politicized army, 133; in Hitler’s Munich
putsch, 135

Ludwig, Emil, 276

Kueger, Karl, 132–3, 578

Lugard, Lord, 155

Lule, Godfrey, 534

Lumumba, Patrice, 515–16, 517

Lunts, Dr Daniel, 682

Luo Rui-qing, 554

Luther, Dr Hans, 294

Lutyens, Sir Edwin, 161

Luwum, Archbiship Janan, 535

Luxemburg, Rosa, 56, 66, 67, 81, 95, 128

Lyautey, Marshal, 149, 150, 155, 161