Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (177 page)

Ayyubid period
5
,
7
,
13
,
25
,
26
–7,
32
,
35
,
39
,
41
,
47
,
91
,
94
,
120

Mamluk period
121
,
131
,
134
–
146

Tabrīz
117
,
118

Tall Bashir
113

Tall
76
,
82
,
83
,
100
,
112
,
114
,
116
193
–8

Talamis (Cavea Balmīs)
97

Tancred
15
–
16

Tarsūs
113

Templars
97
,
147
–8,
198
–9

Templar of Tyre
155
–6

Temür (Tamerlane)
74
,
84
,
211
–12

Teutonic Order
97

Theobold of Champagne

Thoros III
19

Towers
43
–9,
129
,
138
–45,
149
,
150
–3,
157
–60,
179
,
195
–8,
201
–2,
204
–5

Trade
85
,
100
,
109
,
117
–19

Treaties

Mamluk -Armenian (666/ 1268)
112
,
186

Mamluk-Frankish (669–1272)
102

Mamluk-Armenian (1282, 1286)
100

Mamluk-Armenian (684/ 1285)
113

Mamluk-Armenian (687/ 1289)
114

Mamluk-Armenian (692/1293)
114

Mamluk-Armenian (697/ 1298)
82
–3,
114

Tripoli
100
,
102

Tumlu
116

Türkmen
76
,
113
,
116
,
119
,
186
,
211

98

7

Ustādār
23

Ustādh
134
–5

Uzun
21

Vadum Iacob
28
,
29
,
40
–1,
131
,
209

Venetian merchants
109
,
118

Warehouse
21
,
28
,
118

Water cisterns
24
,
145
–6,
153
,
171
,
184
,
193

Yoshmut
66

Yuanshi
60
–
61

Zeugma
173
,
174
,
176

Table of Contents

List of figures

List of maps

List of tables

Acknowledgements

Notes on transliteration

Abbreviations

Introduction

1 Ayyubid fortresses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries

2 Mongolian siege warfare and the defense of Mamluk fortresses

3 Laying the foundations: fortification work conducted during the reign of Baybars (1260–77), Qalāwūn (1280–90) and al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290–93)

4 Mamluk power on display: fortresses in the second half of the thirteenth century

5 Military architecture versus political and military organization

Notes

Bibliography

Index