Authors: Armand Marie Leroi
Bobey, John Richardson Primrose 258
Bonaparte, Napoleon 47, 164, 195
bone(s) 138–40, 140, 160; excess 140–4; growth of 144–6, 153–4; missing 137–8, 140;
see also
arms; legs
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 139–40, 141, 144, 280; BMP4 42, 44, 102
Bontius, Jacob: Orang (in
Historia naturalis Indiae Orientalis)
249
, 250
Borboutin, Isalina 173
Boruwlaski, Joseph 170–5, 172, 176, 177
Bosch, Hieronymus 67
Botticelli, Sandro:
Mars and Venus
85
Brandenburg, Electress of 170
Brandt, Alexander 284–5
Brazilians: acheiropodic
114
, 114–15; and beauty 352, 356
BRCA1 (gene) 300
breasts 286, 287; cancer gene 300; extra
289
, 289–90, 292
British aristocracy, height of 210–11
Browne, Sir Thomas 30, 35;
Pseudodoxia epidemica
… 8, 91;
Religio medici
9, 313
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de 17, 31, 170, 189, 350;
Histoire naturelle…21, 57
, 251, 252, 253, 255,
256
, 257–8
bumblebee bats 190
Burckhardt, Jacob 311
Byrne, Charles
178
, 178–9, 207, 265
Caesar, Julius 283
Cafarelli (castrato) 200
Cain 71, 105–6
calf, cyclopic
73
caloric restriction 311–13, 314, 325
Camper, Petrus 340, 341, 350
cancers 299, 300, 302, 314 321: and growth 204–7
Cantimpré, Thomas à:
De naturis rerum
70–1
Cape Malays 137–8, 140
cardiovascular disease 326, 328, 330–1;
see also
heart attacks
Carracci, Agostino:
Arrigo Peloso, Pietro Matto e Amon Nano
269–70, 270, 273
Carracci, Annibale:
Omnia vincit Amor
85
cartilage 139, 140, 156, 158
castration/
castrati
199–201;
see also
eunuchs
catalase 317
cats: toes 121
Cazotte, Marc (‘Pepin’)
103, 119
, 119–20
CBFA1 (gene) 140
cells 35, 36, 41–2, 82–3, 126, 319–21; suicide of 116–17, 207
Chacrelats
249, 251
Chadwick, Edwin 211
Chair-Allah-Luigi 186–8,
187
Charles I, of England 9, 10
Chesnet, Dr 221–2
chickens: embryo experiments 47–8, 59–60, 77, 113, 117, 122–3, 124, 280; and teeth 288
childhood mortality rates 329–30
Chinese, the 201, 210, 268, 350
cholesterol 234, 326
chondrocytes 139, 140, 153–4, 156, 158
chordin 44, 102
chromosomes 13, 230–3, 317–18
cilia 58, 59
Cleopatra xv
‘Cleppie Bells’ 106–9, 115
clitoris, the 225–8, 227, 229; of pseudoher-maphrodites 221, 236, 237, 239
Cloetens, Elsje 298
clones 322–3
club-feet 109
collagens 158
collections, teratology 11, 12–13, 61–2, 65–6, 72, 78, 120, 143;
see also
Vrolik, Willem
Colloredo, Lazarus 53
Columbus, Renaldus 91, 225–6, 228
‘condensations’ 127–8, 139
consanguinous marriages 356
Cornaro, Luigi 295, 310–11;
Discorsi della vita sobria
309–11
Cotter, Patrick 178
Courier Français
26
Cracow, Monster of 6–7
craniometry
see
skulls
Crawfurd, John 273, 274, 275, 286
cretins/cretinism 194–6, 197, 198, 352; myxedematous 195,
195
Cro-Magnon man 191
Cushing’s disease 263–4
Cuvier, Baron Georges 26, 46, 101
Cyclopes 68–9,
70
, 70–1
cyclopia/cyclopic children 67–9, 71–3, 72, 74, 74–5, 78–9, 83
CYP26A1 (gene) 80, 82
Daru, the
see
Taron, the
Darwin, Charles:
The descent of man
267, 286, 287, 349–51;
The variation of animals and plants under domestication
131–2
de Camio Scipion, Via?eslav Michailovi? 122
‘Derbyshire neck’ 197
dermis: and hair 278–80
Devonian swamp-beasts 132–3
Devonshire, Duke and Duchess of 174, 177
DHT
see
dihydroxytestosterone
diabetes (type 2) 339
diet: and growth 209–11; and longevity 309–13, 325
digits (fingers; toes) 117, 121, 122–4, 128; extra
see
Polydactyly; fused
128,141; missing 128; webbed 117
dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) 238, 244, 284
Disorganisation (mouse mutant) 96–7
DNA 13–14, 40, 80, 314
dogs 121, 206–8, 287
‘Dolly’ (Sheep 6LL3) 322–3
Down’s syndrome 317–18
Dutch, the 141, 209–10, 298, 312, 353
Duverney, Joseph-Guichard 30, 31
dwarfs/dwarfism 169–75, 176;
see also
achondroplasia, pituitary dwarfism, pseudoachondroplasia, pycnodysostosis
dyenin 58
ears 81
; see also
auricles
Eastlack, Harry Raymond 141–3,
142, 143
ectoderm 37, 278
ectodermal dysplasia 387
ectodysplasin 287, 288
ectrodactyly 107–9,
108
, 111, 115
Ecuador: dwarfs 176, 190
Efe, the 183, 327
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 281
‘Elephant Man, the’
see
Merrick, James
embryos, human 18, 31, 32, 94–5; development of 35–7, 40–4, 49–51, 58–9, 93–4, 112–13, 127–8, 228–9, 237–8, 260, 276–8
Emin Pasha 180,
180
, 185
Empéraire, Achille 159
ems (gene) 99
endoderm 37, 50
Eng and Chang (Siamese twins) 33, 45
epidermis: and hair 278–80
epigenesis/epigeneticists 31, 32, 47
estradiol 203, 239
estrogen, male 202–3, 239, 240
estrone 203, 239
eugenics programmes 282–3, 305
eumelanin 253, 265, 266
eunuchs 199, 201–2, 203, 282–3
eyelashes, extra 96
eyeless (gene) 99
Fabricius 9
Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) (castrato) 199–200
Farnese, Cardinal Odoardo 269
feet: club 109; missing
see
acheiropody; webbed 117;
see also
digits
Ferris, Jeffrey 298
Feunet, Jean-Pierre:
Lefabuleux destin d’Amélie Poulain
159
fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 41, 116–17, 118, 120, 126–7, 154–7, 280
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) 141–4,
142, 143
fingers
see
digits
fish: cyclopic embryos 73; gills 86; and Hox genes 130; lobefinned 129–30; Medaka/scaleless 287–8; opercular bones 100; rays 129
Fontana, Lavinia:
Tognina Gonsalvus
271–2
FOP
see
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Ford, Gerald 281
‘Frau Welt’ 5
Frederick II, of Austria 11
Frederick II, Archduke of Tyrol 271
free radicals 314–15, 316, 317, 318
Freud, Sigmund 226
Frey, Julia 164
fruit flies (
Drosophila)
74, 87–8, 92, 98–9, 101; caloric-restricted 312–13; and longevity 306–7, 315–17
FY gene 339
Gasseling, Mary 122–3
gastrula/gastrulation 36–7
Gegenbauer, Carl 132
Gehrig, Lou/Lou Gehrig disease 316
Genara (pygmy queen) 181
genetic variety 336–40, 345; disappearance of 346–7; in skulls 340–5, 342–3, 347
Geneviève (albino) 251, 252, 253, 254
genitalia 223–9; ambiguous 235–6, 240;
see
pseudoher-maphrodites; effect of chromosomes on 230–3; malformed 14, 128; of spotted hyenas 241–2
genome, human 15–16, 41, 42, 95, 101, 116
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 46–9, 62, 99–102
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore 26, 47, 48, 169, 170;
Geranomachia
(war of the pygmies) 182, 184
Gérard, Marie/Germain 236
gigantism, pituitary 178, 178–9, 207, 265
‘glass bone disease’
see
osteogenesis imperfecta
goats: with extra auricles 84, 86; without forelimbs 112
Gobineau, Arthur, Comte de 262
Goethe, Johann von 49
goitres 196, 197, 198, 352
Goldschmidt, Richard 147
gonadotropin 303
gonads 18, 234;
see also
testes
Gonsalvus, Arrigo 269–71, 270
Gonsalvus, Petrus 271, 272, 272–3, 284, 285
Gonsalvus, Tognina 271–2
Gould, Stephen Jay 344, 346
Goya, Francisco de 119
Gratton, George Alexander 258, 259
Greek mythology 28, 68–9, 109, 181–3, 242;
see also
Artemis Ephesia, Homer
Greek vases
167
, 184–5
‘growth hormone’ 146, 175–6, 189, 203–4, 207, 212
growth rates, human 188–9, 202; and cancers 203–7;
see also
height
Guanches, the 271
Guéneau de Montbeillard, Count Philibert 189
guevedoche see
Salinas
Guilbert, Yvette 161, 164
guinea pigs: digits 121, 122
Gumilla, José:
Orinoco illustrado
258
H-Y antigens 232
hair 276–80, 281–2, 286, 287, 288; loss of 280–4;
see also
hairiness, red-haired people
hairiness/hirsutism/hypertrichosis lanuginosa 268–76, 270, 272, 277, 284–5, 286
Haldane, J.B.S. 298–9, 300, 301, 302
Hamburger, Viktor 147
Hamilton, James 282–3
Hands: ectrodactylous 107–9,
108
, 111, 115; missing
see
acheiropody;
see also
digits
Harvey, William 9–10;
De generatione animalium
10, 51
heart attacks 16, 300, 329
hearts, extra 95–6
‘hedgehog’ genes 41, 74–5; ‘sonic’ 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284
height 188–9, 211–13; of eunuchs 201–2, 203; and longevity 208–9; and poverty 209–11; and testosterone receptors 235;
see also
dwarfism, gigantism, ‘growth hormone’, pygmies
Hensel, Brittany and Abigail (conjoined twins) 60–1
Hephaestus 109
hermaphrodites 222, 242;
see
pseudoher-maphrodites
Hermaphroditus Asleep
(after Poussin) 215
Hesiod:
Theogony
68
Hindus, toothless 286, 287
Hirst, B.C., and Piersol, G.A.:
Human monstrosities
5, 46, 74, 79
hirsutism
see
hairiness
Hkunungs, the 192
Hoefling, Rita 263–5
Hoefnagel, Georg:
Petrus family
271
holoprosencephaly 73, 74, 75
homeobox genes 89–90, 95
homeosis/homeotic genes 86–92, 97–9
Homer:
Odyssey
68, 78, 181, 182–3
Homo erectus
191
Homo neanderthalensis
191
Homo sapiens
247, 293
Homo troglodytes 249
, 249–50, 251
homologies/homologues 100–1, 102; and genitalia 223, 225, 228, 229
Hopi Indians: albinism 255
Hormones: melanocyte-stimulating 265–6; and sexuality 243–4,
see also
estrogens, testosterone;
see also
‘growth hormone’
Hottentots 350
Hox genes 92–4, 98, 126, 128, 129–31
Hufeland, Christian:
Markobiotik
311
Humiecka, Comtesse de 171
Hunter, John 179, 206
Hunterian Museum, 66, 178, 179, 206, 259
Huntington, George 298
Huntington disease 297–9, 300, 301, 303
Husserl, Edmund 45
Hyde, William: descendants 304–5
hydrogen peroxide 317
hyenas 240–2
hypertelorism syndrome 77
hypertrichosis lanuginosa 269–76, 270, 272, 277, 285, 286
Ibo, the: albinos 254
Ichthyostega
132–3
insulin-growth-factor (IGF) 189, 190, 203, 204; in dogs 206, 207; in nematode worms 324–5
Inuit, the 341, 342
iodine 196, 197, 198
‘Irish Giants’ 177–8;
see
Byrne, Charles
isotretinoin
80
Istanbul: eunuchs 201–2, 203, 282
Janin, Jules 26, 61
Jarawas 347
jaws 341
Johnson, Dr Samuel 182, 281
Joseph and Luka (conjoined twins) 60
Jost, Alexandre 233–4
Julius II, Pope 3, 4
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin 146–7
Kakurlakos
249, 251, 253
Kartagener’s syndrome 56–8, 57, 60
Katie and Eilish (conjoined twins) 60
Kaunitz, Prince 171
Keibel, Franz:
Normentafel…93
Keith, Sir Arthur 179
Khoisans 341
Kiutzu, the 192
Kobelt, Georg Ludwig 227, 227
Kongbaungs, the 273–4
Kruk, island of 209
kyphosis 201
labia majora and minora 229
Laloo (Indian boy) 53
lambs, cyclopic 73–4
Lamy, Maurice 164
Landriot, Monsignor J.-F 221
Landucci, Lucca 3, 4
lanugo 285
legs 110–11, 112–13, 127–8, 139, 144; missing 112, 118–20,
119
lemurs: armpit breasts 290
Lenz, W. 118
Leonardo da Vinci xv; (attrib.) Cyclopia 72, 72
Leydig cells 234, 235
Liceti, Fortunio:
De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis 1
, 6, 8,
63
, 71, 72
limbs
see
arms; legs
Linnaeus, Carl 340;
Fauna svecica
290–1,
291
, 292–3;
Systema naturae
247–50, 249, 262
Lisbey (a piebald) 258, 259, 259–60
Lisu, the 192
lobe-fins 129–30
longevity 304–5, 306, 308–9; and diet 309–13, 325; in fruit flies 306–7, 315; and height 208–9; and human genes 325–9; in nematode worms 323–5; and reproduction 307–8, 309
lungfish 129, 130
Luther, Martin 7
Lycosthenes, Conrad:
Prodigiorum
…(
The Doome
…) 6
McBride, William 118
McLaughlin, Margaret 106–7, 108–9
Madison, James 211
Magdeleine (a piebald) 258, 259
Magellan, Ferdinand 347