Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (49 page)

Chapter 1. Introduction

1. Adolf Hitler, "Fuhrerweisung, Weisung Nr. 30, Mittlerer Orient" (May 23,1941), Akten zur DeutschenAuswartigen Politik (ADAP), 1918-1945, SerieD: 1937-1941, Bd. 12, 2, DieKriegsjahre, Funfter Band, Zweiter Halbband, 6 April bis 22 Juni 1941 (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht,1969), 717-19.

2. On the labor of selective tradition, see Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977); and Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1984). On the issue of reception and interpretation, see Hans Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd rev. ed., trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (London: Continuum, 2004). On the history of concepts in different contexts, see Melvin Richter, The History of Social and Political Concepts: A Critical Introduction (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1995).

3. On traditions, see Edward Shils, Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 195-261. Also see Edward Shils, The Intellectuals and the Powers and Other Essays (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1972).

4. For recent discussions of the impact of Nazism on the Middle East, see Matthias Kuntzel, Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of9/11, trans. Colin Meade (NewYork: Telos Press, 2007); and Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (NewYork: W. W. Norton, 1986 and 1999). On the anti-Jewish traditions within Islam, seeAndrewG. Bostom, ed., The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: From Sacred Texts to Solemn History (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2008).

5. Herf, Reactionary Modernism.

6. Wolfgang Schwanitz, "The German Middle Eastern Policy, 1871-1945" in Wolfgang Schwanitz, ed., Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945 (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2004), 6-9; and "Djihad `Made in Germany': Der Streit um den Heiligen Krieg, 1914-1915," Sozial Geschichte 18, no. 2 (2003): 7-34• Also see Donald McKale, War by Revolution: Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I (Kent, Ohio: Kent University Press, 1998); and Tilman Ludke, Jihad Made in Germany: Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War (Munster: LIT Verlag, 2005).

7. On the limits of Nazi Germany's economic and military resources compared to those of the Allies, see Richard Overy, Why the Allies Won (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995); and Adam Tooze, Wages ofDestruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Penguin, 20o6).

8. Cited in Wolfgang Schwanitz,"Fritz Grobba and German Middle East Policy," in Schwanitz, ed., Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945 (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2004), 99. See "Grobba, Fritz;" in Gerhard Keiper and Martin Kroger, eds., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswartigen Dienstes, 1871-1945, Bd. 1, G-L (Paderborn: F. Schoningh, 2005), 102-3. Also see Francis R. Nicosia, "Fritz Grobba and the Middle East Policy of the Third Reich," in Edward Ingram, ed. National and International Politics in the Middle East.. Essays in Honor of Elie Kedourie (London: Frank Cass, 1981), 206-28.

9. Manuella A. Williams, Mussolini's PropagandaAbroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935-1940 (London: Routledge, 20o6), 63. Also see Nir Arielli's even more detailed exploration of Italian propaganda in "Fascist Italy and the Middle East, 1935-1940" (Ph.D. diss., University of Leeds, March 20o8). On pan-Arab and pan-Islamic sentiment, see Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, eds., Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); and Israel Gershoni, "Arabization of Islam: The Egyptian Salafiyya and the Rise ofArabism in Pre-Revolutionary Egypt," Asian andAfrican Studies 13, no.1 (1979).

to. For recent examples, see Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 1994); and Horst Boog et al., The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative, 1941-1943, trans. Ewald Osers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). German original: Horst Boog et al., Das Deutsche Reich and der ZweiteWeltkrieg: Vol. 6. Der GlobaleKrieg: DieAusweitungzum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel der Initiative, 1941-1943 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt,1990).

it. Heinz Tillmann, Deutschlands Araberpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Berlin: Deutsche Verlag der Wissenschaften,1965).

12. Lukasz Hirszowicz, The Third Reich and theArab East (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966).

13. Philip Bernd Schroder, Deutschland in der Mittlere Osten im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Gottingen: Mustershmidt,1975); and Robert Lewis Melka, The Axis and the Middle East, 1930-1945 (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1966); Josef Schroder, "Die Beziehungen der Achsenmachte zur Arabischen Welt;" in Manferd Funke, ed., Hitler, Deutschland and dieMachte: Materialien zurAuf3enpolitik des Dritten Reiches (Dusseldorf: Droste Verlag,1976), 365-82; and Wolfgang Schwanitz, Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945 (Princteon: Markus Wiener, 2004).

14. Norman Goda, Tomorrow the World: Hitler, NorthwestAfrica and the Path toward America (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1998).

15. See in particular, "`Exekutivemagnahmen gegenuber der Zivilbevolkerung in eigener Ver- antwortung': Das Einsatzkommando bei derPanzerarmeeAfrika," in Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, Halbmond and Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber and Palestina (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006),137-48.