Never Been a Time (42 page)

14
. Ibid., 133–34, 159–70.

15
. Ibid., 144–46.

16
.
Defender
, Feb. 24, 1917.

17
. Lemann,
The Promised Land
, 15–17.

18
. Historical Census Statistics; Scott,
Negro Migration
, 3.

19
. Spero,
The Black Worker
, 151.

20
. Arnesen,
Brotherhoods of Color
, 8, 44.

21
. Foner, and Lewis,
Black Workers
, 306–7.

22
. Donald,
Negro Migration
, 20.

23
. Epstein,
The Negro Migrant in Pittsburgh
, 31–32.

24
. Foner and Lewis,
Black Workers
, 318.

25
. Donald,
Negro Migration
, 29.

26
. Primm,
Lion of the Valley
, 434–39.

27
. Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 506. See also “D. W. Griffith's,
The Birth of a Nation
” on the PBS Web site
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_birth.html
.

1
. Congressional Hearings, 1755–84.

2
. Ibid., 1190.

3
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 5–6.

4
. Davis,
Miles
, 15–16, 38.

5
.
PD
, July–Aug. 1916.

6
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 91;
Journal
, Sept. 30, 1917.

7
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 20–21.

8
. Congressional Hearings, 2055–56; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 20.

9
. Congressional Hearings, 1525, 2150–53;,
Journal
, Oct. 9–10, 1916.

10
. Congressional Hearings, 1828–30.

11
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 17.

12
.
Journal
, Oct. 8, 9, 1916.

13
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 13–14;
Argus
, Oct 6, 20, 1916.

14
. Henri,
Black Migration
, 252–55; Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 423; Wolgemuth, “Woodrow Wilson and Federal Segregation,” 158–73.

15
.
Argus
, Nov. 3, 1916; Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 522.

16
. Henri,
Black Migration
, 256–58; Rudwick, “Colonization,” 40;
GD
, Oct. 17, 1916.

17
.
Journal
, Oct. 10, 1916.

18
.
Journal
(reprint of,
News-Democrat
article), Nov. 1, 1916.

19
. Lumpkins, “East St. Louis Pogrom,” 7.

20
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 119–20;
Defender
, Oct. 20, 1917.

21
.
Journal
, Oct. 6, 18–19, 1916. See also Rudwick, “Colonization Conspiracy.”

22
.
GD
, Oct. 26, 30, 1916.

23
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 136;
Journal
, Nov. 9, 1916.

24
. Congressional Hearings, 579; Rudwick, “Colonization Conspiracy,” 39.

25
. Military Board of Inquiry, 20–23.

1
. Congressional Hearings, 616, 1173.

2
. Ibid., 3787–90.

3
. Ibid., 3638;
Journal
, Feb. 15–25, 1917.

4
. Ottley,
The Lonely Warrior
, 162–72.

5
. Tuttle,
Red Summer
, 90.

6
. Congressional Hearings, 1025–26.

7
. Ibid., 1531.

8
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 18–23; Foner and Lewis,
Black Worker
, vol. 5, 284. McLaughlin,
Power, Community, and Racial Killing
, 16.

9
. Sinclair,
The Jungle
, 123–24.

10
. Ibid.

11
.
Journal
, March 27, 1917; Congressional Hearings, 1792–98.

12
. Brecher,
Strike!
, 115–19; Bing,
War-Time Strikes
, 7–9, 293.

13
. Foner and Lewis,
Black Workers
, 288; Lewis,
Biography of a Race
, 419–20.

14
.
Journal
, March 30, 1917.

15
. Congressional Hearings, 3511.

16
. Theising,
Made in USA
, 142–44;
Report of Special Committee Authorized by Congress
, 10–11.

17
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 187–88.

18
.
PD
, Nov. 19, 1917; Congressional Hearings, 3508–27.

19
.
Journal
, April 4, 1917; Congressional Hearings, 3564–65, 3723.

20
.
Journal
, April 14, 1917.

21
. Congressional Hearings, 4073, 4102.

22
.
Journal
, April 19, 1917.

23
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 18–23;
Journal
, April 26, 1917.

24
.
Journal
, May 11, 1917.

25
. Ibid., May 14–16; Congressional Hearings, 3125.

26
.
New Orleans Times-Picayune
, April 27–29, 1917.

27
. Congressional Hearings, 1999, 2055, 4185.

28
. Ottley,
The Lonely Warrior
, 161.

29
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 160–70; Congressional Hearings, 1026–42, 1710. See also introduction, note 7.

30
. Analysis by author. Also see Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 8–9, 213–15.

31
.
Journal
, May 24–25, 1917; Congressional Hearings, 3525.

32
.
Journal
, May 25–28, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 27–28; Congressional Hearings, 3121, 3141, 2569, 2401.

33
.
Journal
, May 28, 1917.

34
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 27–35.

35
. Congressional Hearings, 2875.

36
. Ibid., 3126–93.

37
. Ibid., 3824; Flannigen obituary,
Journal
, May 12, 1926.

38
. Congressional Hearings, 1916, 4310–18.

39
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 28–30.

40
. Congressional Hearings, 3882, 2028–32.

41
. Ibid., 3125–27, 3155.

42
. See Horowitz,
The Deadly Ethnic Riot
, chap. 3.

43
.
PD, Journal, Republic
, May 29–30, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 27–32.

44
. Congressional Hearings, 3375–80.

45
. Ibid., 2240–45.

46
. Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 28–33.

47
. Congressional Hearings, 1418–20.

48
. Ibid., 1346–50.

49
.
Journal, PD
, May 29–31, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 30–33.

50
.
Journal
, May 29, 1917;
Argus
, June 1, 1917.

51
.
PD
, May 29–30, 1917.

1
.
Journal
, June 4, 1917.

2
. Ibid., June 8–10, 1917.

3
.
Report to the Illinois State Council of Defense
, 1–6.

4
.
Journal
, June 18, 22, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 36–39.

5
.
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 765, 796–99, 824–25; Congressional Hearings, 686.

6
. Congressional Hearings, 1078–80.

7
. Ibid., 2060–61, 1355–57.

8
.
Journal
, June 11, 1917.

9
. Congressional Hearings, 2369.

10
. Ibid., 686, 1350; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 37.

11
. Congressional Hearings, 3527–30.

12
.
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 732–35; Congressional Hearings, 1107; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 38–39.

13
. Congressional Hearings, 1138–40.

14
. Ibid., 1105–19.

15
. Ibid., 674, 1064–70; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 38.

16
.
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 752, 770–72; Congressional Hearings, 1106–9.

17
. Congressional Hearings, 1106–9.

18
. Ibid., 1065–76, 673.

19
. Ibid., 477–82.

20
. Roy Albertson obituary,
Journal
, July 28, 1960. Note on Frank Wodley's name: In his 1964 book on the riots,
Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917
, sociologist Elliott Rudwick spells Wodley's name “Wadley” throughout. But the name is spelled “Wodley” in the 1916 East St. Louis city directory, and the,
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
and,
Globe–Democrat
spelled the name with an “o” consistently, from the riot in July of 1917 through the trials that stretched from the fall of 1917 to the spring of 1922. The,
East St. Louis Journal
, in its initial coverage of the riot, spelled the name “Wadley,” but by the time of its coverage of indictments and trials growing out of the riot in the fall of 1917 it had changed the spelling to “Wodley.” See, for example,
Journal
riot indictment stories on Sept. 26 and 30 and Oct. 1, 1917.

21
. Congressional Hearings, 477–78.

22
.
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 353–56; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 39.

23
. Congressional Hearings, 479–82. See also,
The Trial of Leroy Bundy
, 354–55, 364–65, 385–86.

24
. Congressional Hearings, 546–65, 1233.

25
. Congressional Hearings, 480–81. See also,
Republic
, July 2, 1917.

26
. Congressional Hearings, 589–92, 3390.

27
. Ibid., 3546–47, 4089.

28
. Ibid., 589–92.

29
. Ibid., 484.

30
. Ibid., 485.

31
. Ibid., 1140–42.

32
. Ibid., 505.

33
. Ibid., 756.

34
. Ibid., 2039–41.

35
.
Republic
, July 2, 1917.

36
.
Argus
, July 6, 1917.

1
. Congressional Hearings, 250–51.

2
. Anderson obituaries,
NYT, PD
, Dec. 7, 8, 1938;
PD
, Dec. 14, 2003; Military Board of Inquiry, Anderson testimony, 319.

3
. Congressional Hearings, 403–5.

4
.
Republic, Journal
, July 3, 1917.

5
. Congressional Hearings, 757, 809, 823; Tripp obituary,
Peoria Star
, Nov. 2, 1938.

6
. Congressional Hearings, 591; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 81–86.

7
. Congressional Hearing, 753–57; Rudwick, Race Riot, 41.

8
.
Report of the Special Committee, 20–22; Journal
, Aug. 15, 1917.

9
. Military Board of Inquiry, Clayton testimony, 1–15; Klauser testimony, 2–3. Congressional Hearings, 486, 494–95, 509;
Report of the Special Committee
, 20–22; Rudwick, Race Riot, 82–83.

10
. For troop arrivals, see Military Board of Inquiry,
Report to Adjutant Gieneral
, 10, and Exhibit D.

11
. Congressional Hearings, 486.

12
. Ibid., 407–10.

13
. Ibid., 683–85. Much of the information on Richard Brockway comes from coverage of his trial,
PD, Journal
, Nov. 13–25, 1917.

14
.
PD
, Nov. 14, 1917; Rudwick,
Race Riot
, 41, 106–8.

15
. Congressional Hearings, 1110.

16
. Ibid., 2039–41.

17
. Ibid., 3653.

18
. Ibid., 388.

19
.
Journal, PD
, Nov. 14, 1917.

20
. Except as noted, descriptions of the riot come from,
Journal
and,
PD
, July 2–4, 1917, and,
GD
and,
Republic
, July 2–5, 1917.

21
. Military Board of Inquiry,
Report to Adjutant General
, 16–17. Congressional Hearings, 109–10.

22
. Congressional Hearings, 253.

23
. Ibid., 1359–62.

24
. Ibid., 250–60, 591.

25
. Military Board of Inquiry, Mollman testimony, 40–45.

26
. Congressional Hearings, 576.

27
. Ibid., 1071–80.

28
. Ibid., 269.

29
. Ibid., 862–78.

30
. Ibid., 924–25.

31
. Ibid., 623–25.

32
. Ibid., 3099.

33
. Ibid., 260–67.

34
. Ibid., 3385.

35
. For a detailed discussion of the “emergent norm” situation in the East St. Louis riot, see McLaughlin, “Reconsidering the East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917,” 203–9.

1
. Congressional Hearings, 118–23; Roger obituary,
Journal
, June 2, 1953.

2
. Congressional Hearings, 112–23, 999–1003; Military Board of Inquiry, Roger testimony, 204–11.

3
. Congressional Hearings, 766.