Ostkrieg (109 page)

11
. Rass,
“Menschenmaterial,”
367–71; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 262–64.

12
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 629–31; Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 188–92; Heinrich Himmler, “Speech to High-Ranking Wehrmacht Officers” (“Rede vor den Teilnehmern des politisch-weltanschaulichen Lehrgangs”) at the SS Ordenburg Sonthofen, 24 May 1944, NARA, RG 242, T-175, roll 94, frames 4648–56; Typed Copy, with Himmler's Handwritten Corrections, NARA, RG 242, T-175, roll 94, frame 4647; Typed Copy, with Himmler's Handwritten Corrections, NARA, RG 242, T-175, roll 145, frames 3270–93; Final Copy for the SS Archive, NARA, RG 242, T-175, roll 94, frames 4609–46; Incomplete Audio Recording, NARA, Tape 242-11; Mazower,
Hitler's Empire
, 309–16; Fings, “Slaves for the ‘Home Front,' ” 233–74.

13
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 175.

14
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 277, 360–62; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 218–20, and “Hitler und die Choreographie des Untergangs,” 496–506; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 153–54.

15
. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 218–20, 246–50, and “Hitler und die Choreographie des Untergangs,” 496–506; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 361–62; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 216–17.

16
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 277; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 222–25, 246–56; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 163–65, 211–16; Messerschmidt, “Die Wehrmacht,” 224, 228, 232–33.

17
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 603, 617–19;
TBJG
, 21 July 1943, 4 March 1944; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 361–62; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 163–65; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 222–23.

18
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 361–62; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 163–65; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 221–22; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 458–69.

19
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 297–301; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 158–60; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 274.

20
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 301–5; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 167–68.

21
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 344–57.

22
. Ibid., 357–58; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 160–62, 166.

23
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 357–59; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 166–67; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 274.

24
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 168–69, 172; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 362–63.

25
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 171; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 256–57; Rass,
“Menschenmaterial,”
378–85.

26
. Letters of Erwin Kolbenhoff, 10 August, 24 September 1943, and Albert Pretzel, 21 September 1943, in Latzel,
Deutsche Soldaten
, 155; Letter of Helmut Pabst, 10 September 1943, in Bähr and Bähr, eds.,
Kriegsbriefe
, 259–60; Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 149–50; Letters of Hans-Jochen Bauer, 17 September 1943, and Hans Olte, 10 October 1943, in Latzel,
Deutsche Soldaten
, 74, 144; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 258–59.

27
. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 259–60; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 171–72; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 491–92.

28
. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 261–63; Rass,
“Menschenmaterial,”
365–71, 379–83.

29
. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 258–61, 264–69; Rass,
“Menschenmaterial,”
375, 384–85; Gerlach, “Verbrechen deutscher Fronttruppen in Weißrußland,” 101–8. See also the letters of 17 September and 12 October 1943 by Hans-Jochen Bauer in Latzel,
Deutsche Soldaten
, 144.

30
. Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 492, 499; Letters of O'Gefr. A. G., 1 March 1942, Uffz. A. N., 15, 29 May 1943, and Uffz. O. D., 16 August 1944, in Manoschek,
“Es gibt nur eines für das Judentum,”
52, 69, 74; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 230–31. See also Müller, “Nationalismus in der deutschen Kriegsgesellschaft,” 9–92.

31
. Rass,
“Menschenmaterial,”
63–204, esp. 192–204, and “Social Profile,” 694–705; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 496–97. On the importance of primary group loyalty, see Shils and Janowitz, “Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht.”

32
. Rass,
“Menschenmaterial,”
63–204, esp. 88–134, and “Social Profile,” 716–21; Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 187–218, and “ ‘We are trying . . . to change the face of the world' ”; Kühne, “Gruppenkohäsion und Kameradschaftsmythos in der Wehrmacht”; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 498–501. For a discussion of camaraderie, see Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 156–86. On a dissenting view of primary group stability, see Bartov,
Hitler's Army
.

33
. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 228–29; Förster, “Ideological Warfare in Germany,” 582–647; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 498–99; Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 199–202.

34
. Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 234–39; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 501–3; Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, 91–97, 239–40, 251 n. 44, 252 n. 49, and
Endkampf
, 116–18; Messerschmidt and Wüllner,
Die Wehrmachtjustiz im Dienste des Nationalsozialismus
, 50, 63–89, 102–3, 132–68, 305–14.

35
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 172–74; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 364.

36
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 172–74; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 367–70.

37
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 184–85; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 277–78; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 334–35, 364–67, 370–73.

38
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 373–74, 379–83; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 174–81, 185.

39
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 374–75; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 186–87; Guderian,
Panzer Leader
, 316–22.

40
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 375–78, 385; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 187–89; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 274; Overmans,
Deutsche militärische Verluste
, 278.

41
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 305–8; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 189–92.

42
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 308–31; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 192–96, 205–7, 303–9; Hastings,
Armageddon
, 112–13.

43
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 331–38, 420–22; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 207. Not until 5 April was the siege of Kovel finally broken.

44
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 278–79; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 197. On the demotorization of the Wehrmacht, see Bartov,
Hitler's Army
, 12–28.

45
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 198–205; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 283–84.

46
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 213–16, 248–49; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 284–85.

47
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 249–51; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 284–88.

48
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 251–57; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 288–89.

49
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 289–91; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 255–58.

50
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 257–65; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 291–93.

51
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 282, 284–85, 290, 294–95; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 297–98; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 274.

52
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 385–86.

53
. Ibid., 387–90; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 218–22; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 493–96.

54
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 390–93; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 222–26; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 496–509.

55
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 393–97; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 226–28; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 186–87; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 277.

56
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 397–400; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 228–31; Buchner,
Ostfront
, 16–18; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 514–16. For the best, most comprehensive treatment of the battle of Cherkassy-Korsun in English, see Nash,
Hell's Gate
, and “No Stalingrad.”

57
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 400–402; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 228–29; Buchner,
Ostfront
, 16–18; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 516.

58
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 402–3, 405; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 231–32; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 516.

59
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 403–4, 406–8; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 232–33; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 187–88; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 278–79; Nash, “No Stalingrad,” 126.

60
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 408–16; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 234–37; Buchner,
Ostfront
, 35–37, 39–40; Nash, “No Stalingrad,” 129–31.

61
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 416–19; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 237–38; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 217; Nash, “No Stalingrad,” 73, 149–50.

62
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 335–37, 419–24; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 244–47, 272–78; Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 520–23.

63
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 424–31; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 277, 279–80, 288–89. Ziemke claims that only fifty-three men made it out of the pocket.

64
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 432–34; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 273–76.

65
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 432–34; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 277–79.

66
. Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 434–38; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 276–80.

67
. Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 530–38; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 438–39.

68
. Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 538–43; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 439–40; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 280; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 629–30.

69
. Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 538–40, 542–44; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 436, 440–44; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 280–82.

70
. Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 544–48; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 442–44,
448–49; Wegner, “Die Aporie des Krieges,” 221–25, and “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1171–73;
TBJG
, 31 March, 1, 5, 23 April, 18 May 1944; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 281–82, 286; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 616–19, 629–30. At the same time, the names of the army groups were altered, to Army Group North Ukraine and Army Group South Ukraine, a change meant less to reflect reality, since Ukraine had already been lost, than to stiffen the morale of the troops by implying that these areas would be retaken.

71
. Manstein,
Lost Victories
, 546–48; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 444–45; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 282, 286, 288–91.

72
. Klaus Schönherr, “Der Rückzug der Heeresgruppe A,” 451–90; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 445–47; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 291–95;
TBJG
, 18 April 1944; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 630–31.

73
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 309–11; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1165, 1171–73.

74
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 310; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1165–66; Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 499–500.

75
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 310–12; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1166–70. Wegner, using estimates from Foreign Armies East, notes that, on 1 July 1944, the Red Army disposed of 5,730,000 men on the Eastern Front, which meant that it had a surplus of troops (3,495,000) 1.5 times greater than the total number of German troops (2,235,000).