Out of the Blue: Six Non-Medication Ways to Relieve Depression (Norton Professional Books) (23 page)

Research has shown that we can grow new brain cells when we do anything physical that takes some effort. And depressed people’s brain are sometimes so challenged and stressed that they make fewer new brain cells.

You need those brain cells to help learn new things, to hold on to good memories and feelings, and to help you climb out of the pit of depression.

So, even though it may sometimes seem like you’re walking through mud up to your thighs, it’s important to get as much physical activity as you can muster. And if it feels difficult or gets you breathing heavily, all the better, because that can help your brain get more blood to it, something it desperately needs when you are depressed.

There is even a new idea that one of the reasons that antidepressants work is because they help the brain grow new brain cells, so anything you can do to assist the process of new brain cell growth can give you some traction in getting back to your life.

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES

Adams, R. B., & Janata, P. (2002). A comparison of neural circuits underlying auditory and visual object categorization.
NeuroImage
16
, 361–377.

Altair, C. A. (1999). Neurotrophins and depression.
Trends in Pharmacological Science, 20
(2): 59–61.

Altair, C. A., Whitehead, R. E., Chen, R., Wörtwein, G., & Madsen, T. M. (2003). Effects of electroconvulsive seizures and antidepressant drugs on brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat brain.
Biological Psychiatry, 54
(7): 703–709.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013).
Desk reference to the diagnostic criteria from DSM-5.
Arlington, VA: Author.

Andrews, P., Aggen, S. H., Miller, G. F., Radi, C., Dencoff, J. E., & Neale, M. C. (2007). The functional design of depression’s influence on attention: A preliminary test of alternative control-process mechanisms.
Evolutionary Psychology, 5
(3): 584–604.

Andrews, P. W., & Thomson, J. A., (2009). The bright side of being blue: Depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems.
Psychological Review
116
(3), 620–654.

Bain, B. (Producer), & Ward, V. (Director). (1998).
What dreams may come
[Motion picture]. USA: Universal.

Barnhofer, T., & Crane, C. (2008), Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression and suicidality. In F. Didonna (Ed.),
Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness.
New York, NY: Springer.

Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009, May). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: A preliminary study.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47
(5): 366–373.

Bauer, B. A., Cutshall, S. M., Wentworth, L. J., Engen, D., Messner, P. K., Wood, C. M., . . . Sundt, T. M., III. (2010). Effect of massage therapy on pain, anxiety, and tension after cardiac surgery: A randomized study.
Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 16
(2):70–75.

Bédard, M., Felteau, M., Marshall, S., Dubois, S., Gibbons, C., Klein, R., & Weaver, B. (2012).
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Benefits in reducing depression following a traumatic brain injury.
Adv Mind Body Med
26
(1), 14–20.

Bejjani, B.-P., Damier, P., Arnulf, I., Thivard, L., Bonnet, A. M., Dormont, D., . . . Agid, Y. (1999, May 13). Transient acute depression induced by high-frequency deep-brain stimulation.
New England Journal of Medicine
, pp. 1476–1480.

Berman, M.G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature.
Psychological Science, 19
(12), 1207.

Berman, M. G., Kross, E., Krpan, K. M., Askren, M. K., Burson, A., Deldin, P. J., . . . Jonides, J. (2012). Interacting with nature improves cognition and affect for individuals with depression.
Journal of Affective Disorders.
doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.012

Bertschy, G. B., Jermann, F., Bizzini, L., Weber-Rouget, B., Myers-Arrazola, M., & van der Linden, M. (2008, March). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy: A randomized controlled study on its efficiency to reduce depressive relapse/recurrence.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 107
(Suppl. 1), S59–S60.

Blumenthal, J., Babyak, M. A., Doraiswamy, M., Watkins, L., Hoffman, B. M., Barbour, K. A., . . . Sherwood, A. (2007). Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 69
: 587–596.

Bondolfi, G., Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., Gex-Fabry, M., Bizzini, L., Weber Rouget, B., . . . Bertschy, G. (2010, May). Depression relapse prophylaxis with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Replication and extension in the Swiss health care system.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 122
(3), 224–231.

Brown, R., Ramirez, D., & Taub, J. (1978). The prescription of exercise for depression.
Physician and Sports Medicine 6
, 34–49.

Burroughs, W. (1962).
The ticket that exploded.
New York, NY: Grove Press, p. 100.

Byrd-Craven, J., Geary, D. C., Rose, A. J., & Ponzi, D. (2008). Co-ruminating increase stress hormone levels in women.
Hormones and Behavior, 53,
489–492.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, October).
Antidepressant use in persons aged 12 and over: United States, 2005–2008 (NCHS Data Brief).
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db76.htm

Crowley, C., & Lodge, H. S. (2007).
Younger next year: Live strong, fit, and sexy—until you’re 80 and beyond.
New York, NY: Workman.

Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., . . . Sheridan, J. F. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 65
(4): 564–570.

Davis, J. A., Smith, T. W., & Marsden, P. V. (2008).
General social surveys, 1972–2008.
Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research.

Dickinson, E. (1983).
The poems of Emily Dickinson: Variorum edition
(R. W. Franklin, Ed.)
.
New Haven, CT: Harvard University Press.

Doidge, N. (2007).
The brain that changes itself
. New York, NY: Penguin.

Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., & Chambliss, H. O. (2005, January). Exercise treatment for depression: Efficacy and dose response.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28
(1), 1–8.

Eysenck, H. J. (1957).
Sense and nonsense in psychology
, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.

Fleming, T., Dixon, R., Frampton, C., & Merry, S. (2012). A pragmatic randomized controlled trial of computerized CBT (SPARX) for symptoms of depression among adolescents excluded from mainstream education.
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40
(5): 529–541.

Frankl, V. (2006). Man’s search for meaning. Boston, MA: Beacon.

Frasure-Smith, N, Lespérance, F, & Julien, P (2004). Major depression is associated with lower Omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes.
Biological Psychiatry, 55
(9): 891–896.

Freedman, J., & Combs, G. (1996).
Narrative therapy
. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

Heller, A. S., Johnstone, T., Shackman, A. J., Light, S. N., Peterson, M. J., Kolden, G. G., . . . Davidson, R. J. (2009). Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of frontostriatal brain activation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910651106

Hertel, G., Neuhof, J., Theuer, T., & Kerr, N. L. (2000). Mood effects on cooperation in small groups: Does positive mood simply lead to more cooperation?
Cognition and Emotion, 14
(4), 441-472.

Holsinger, T., Steffens, D. C., Phillips, C., Helms, M. J., Havlik, R. J., Breitner, J. C., . . . Plassman, B. L. (2002). Head injury in early adulthood and the lifetime risk of depression.
Archives of General Psychiatry
, 59: 17–22.

Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yarramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2010). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density.
Psychiatry Research, 191
(1): 36-43.

Horwitz, A., & Wakefield, J. (2007).
The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Howland, R. H. (2008). Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Part 2: Study outcomes.
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 46
(10): 21–24.

James, W. (1961).
The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature.
New York, NY: Collier.

Johnsgard, K. (2004).
Conquering depression and anxiety through exercise
. Amherst, NY: Prometheus.

Jung, C. (1968).
Alchemical studies
(G. Adler, M. Fordham, H. Read, Eds.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Kaminer, W. (1993).
I’m dysfunctional, you’re dysfunctional: the recovery movement and other self-help fashions
. New York, NY: Vintage.

Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature—toward an integrative framework.
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15
(3), 169.

Kaplan, S., & Berman, M. G. (2010). Directed attention as a common resource for executive functioning and self-regulation.
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5
(1), 43.

Karege, F., Perret, G., Bondolfi, G., Schwald, M., & Bertschy, G. (2002). Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients.
Psychiatry Research, 109
(2): 143–148.

Keedwell, P. (2008).
How sadness survived: The evolutionary basis of depression
. Milton Keynes, UK: Radcliffe.

Keen, Sam. (1992).
The passionate life: Stages of loving.
San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, p. 61.

Keep, L. (Writer), & Brown, E. (Director). (2007). The brain fitness program [Television series episode]. In L. Keep (Executive producer),
Brain fitness
. San Francisco, CA: Santa Fe Productions.

Kennedy, P. (2013, March 21).
Rethinking depression, Part 3.
In
Ideas with Paul Kennedy.
CBC Radio. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2013/03/21/rethinking-depression-part-3/index.html

Kirsch, I. (2010, January 19). Antidepressants: The Emperor’s new drugs?
Huffington Post
. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/irving-kirsch-phd/antidepressants-the-emper_b_442205.html

Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1989). Increasing rates of depression.
Journal of the American Medical Association
261
(15), 2229–35.

Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2011). Making meaning out of negative experiences by self-distancing.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20,
187–191.

Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., . . . Teasdale, J. D. (2008). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76
(6): 966–978.

Lacasse, J. R., & Leo, J. (2005). Serotonin and depression: A disconnect between the advertisements and the scientific literature.
PLoS Medicine, 2
(12): e392.

Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., . . . Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness.
NeuroReport, 16,
1893–1897.

Leo, J., & Lacasse, J. R. (2007). The media and the chemical imbalance theory of depression.
Society,
45
(1): 35.

Lespérance, F., Frasure-Smith, N., St-André, E., Turecki, G., Lespérance, P., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2011). The efficacy of Omega-3 supplementation for major depression: A randomized controlled trial.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72
(8): 1054–1062.

Mallinckrodt, B. (1996).Change in working alliance, social support, and psychological symptoms in brief therapy
. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43
(4): 448–455.

Mayberg, H. S., Lozano, A. M., Voon, V., McNeely, H. E., Seminowicz, D., Hamani, C., . . . Kennedy, S. H. (2005). Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.
Neuron, 45,
651–660.

McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., & Thoresen, C. E. (Eds.) (2000).
Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice
. New York, NY: Guilford.

Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O’Connor, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1991). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 12
: 146–159.

Mount Sinai Medical Center. (2013, May 18). Ketamine shows significant therapeutic benefit in people with treatment-resistant depression.
ScienceDaily
. Retrieved May 30, 2013, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2013/05/130518153250.htm

National Institute of Mental Health. (2011).
Depression
. Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/depression-booklet.pdf

Nepo, M. (2011).
The book of awakening: Having the life you want by being present to the life you have
. San Francisco. CA: Conari.

Palmer, P. (XXXX). Interview on
Speaking of Faith
.

Peen, J., Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T., & Dekker, J. (2010). The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121
(2), 84–93.

Pirsig, R. (2006).
Zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance: An inquiry into values.
New York, NY: Harper Collins.

Other books

Swan for the Money by Donna Andrews
The Henderson Equation by Warren Adler
Devour by Andrea Heltsley
The Case of the Missing Cat by John R. Erickson
Old Man's Ghosts by Tom Lloyd