Authors: Damon Root
Wilson, Theodore Brantner.
The Black Codes of the South.
Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1965.
Wilson, Woodrow.
President Wilson's Great Speeches and Other History Making Documents.
Chicago: Stanton & Van Vliet, 1917.
Wilson, Woodrow.
Woodrow Wilson: Essential Speeches and Writings of the Scholar-President.
Edited by Mario R. DiNunzio. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
Woodward, C. Vann. “George Fitzhugh,
Sui Generis.
” Introduction to George Fitzhugh,
Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters
. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1960.
Notes
Introduction
1.
The Nomination of Elena Kagan to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States: Hearing Before the Senate Judiciary Committee,
111th Cong., 2nd Sess., (2010) [hereinafter
Kagan Hearings
], 180.
2.
Kagan Hearings,
181.
3.
Lochner v. New York,
198 U.S. 45, 75.
4.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. to Harold Laski, March 4, 1920, in
Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916-1935,
ed. Mark De Wolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), 249.
5.
Felix Frankfurter, ed.,
Mr. Justice Holmes
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1931), 166.
6.
Frankfurter,
Mr. Justice Holmes,
5.
7.
Frankfurter,
Mr. Justice Holmes,
2.
8.
Frankfurter,
Mr. Justice Holmes,
54.
9.
Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida,
648 F.3d 1235 (11th Cir. 2011).
10.
Department of Health and Human Services v. Florida,
no. 11-398, transcript of oral argument, March 27, 2012, 11-12.
11.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius,
132 S. Ct. 2566, 2594 (2012).
12.
Blodgett v. Holden,
275 U.S. 142, 148 (1927).
13.
NFIB v. Sebelius,
132 S. Ct. at 2579.
14.
W. James Antle III, “John Roberts's Betrayal,”
The American Conservative,
June 28, 2012.
15.
See
https://twitter.com/JackKingston/status/218359574539943937
.
16.
Robert H. Bork,
The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law
(New York: Touchstone, 1991), 139.
17.
Stephen J. Field,
Personal Reminiscences of Early Days in California, with Other Sketches
(Birmingham, Ala.: Legal Classics Library, 1989; San Francisco, 1893), 44. Citation refers to the 1989 edition.
18.
The Slaughter-House Cases,
83 U.S. 36, 88 (1873).
19.
Stephen Macedo,
The New Right v. The Constitution
(Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1986), 43.
Chapter One
1.
Frederick Douglass, “To Thomas Auld,” in
Frederick Douglass:
Selected Speeches and Writings,
ed. Philip S. Foner (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 113.
2.
Douglass, “To Thomas Auld,” 114.
3.
Frederick Douglass,
My Bondage and My Freedom
(New York: Penguin Books, 2003), 256.
4.
Cong. Globe, 42d Congress, 1st Sess., 86 (1871).
5.
Ronald M. Labbe and Jonathan Lurrie,
The Slaughterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment,
abr. ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 72.
6.
Charles Lofgren,
The Plessy Case
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 67.
7.
Slaughter-House Cases,
83 U.S. (16 Wall) 36, 62 (1873).
8.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 78.
9.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 110.
10.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 89.
11.
Allen v. Tooley,
80 Eng. Rep. 1055 (K.B. 1614).
12.
Sir Edward Coke, “The Case of the Tailors of Ipswich,” in
The Selected Writings and Speeches of Sir Edward Coke,
vol. 1, ed. Steve Sheppard (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2003), 392.
13.
Adam Smith,
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
vol. 1, eds. R. S. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981), 138.
14.
James Madison, “Property,” in Madison,
Writings
(New York: The Library of America, 1999), 516.
15.
Thomas Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address,” in Jefferson,
Writings
(New York: The Library of America, 1984), 494.
16.
Charles Sumner, “The Barbarism of Slavery: Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner, on the Bill for the Admission of Kansas as a Free State, in the United States Senate, June 4, 1860.” Available at
https://archive.org/details/barbarismofslave00lcsumn
.
17.
William Goodell, “Lecture VII,”
Antislavery Lecturer,
July 1, 1839.
18.
National Era,
March 25, 1847, quoted in Paul D. Moreno,
Black Americans and Organized Labor: A New History
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 13.
19.
William E. Forbath, “The Ambiguities of Free Labor: Labor and Law in the Gilded Age,”
Wisconsin Law Review
(1985), 770.
20.
John C. Calhoun, “Speech on the Oregon Bill,” in
John C. Calhoun: Selected Speeches and Writings,
ed. H. Lee Cheek Jr. (New York: Regnery, 2003), 683.
21.
Calhoun, “Speech on the Oregon Bill,” 684.
22.
George Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South, or The Failure of Free Society
(Richmond: A. Morris, 1854; Forgotten Books, 2012), 27. All citations refer to the 2012 reprint edition.
23.
Quoted in C. Vann Woodward, “George Fitzhugh,
Sui Generis,
” introduction to
Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters,
by George Fitzhugh (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1960), xv. First published in Richmond in 1857.
24.
Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South,
27-28.
25.
Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South,
7.
26.
Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South,
13.
27.
Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South,
29.
28.
Eugene Genovese,
The World the Slaveholders Made
(New York: Pantheon, 1969), 190. Genovese is a peculiar figure. When he wrote this book, he was a prominent Marxist historian, recently infamous for telling the audience at a 1965 teach-in against the Vietnam War that he welcomed a Vietcong victory. Later in life, however, Genovese renounced the left and became a traditionalist conservative who praised the agrarian values of the South and attacked capitalism in language strikingly similar to that used by Fitzhugh. The one constant in Genovese's political odyssey was his hostility to capitalism.
29.
Fitzhugh,
Sociology for the South,
10.
30.
Frederick Douglass, “The Meaning of the Fourth of July for the Negro,” in
Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings,
195-196.
31.
Douglass, “The Meaning of the Fourth of July for the Negro,” 196.
32.
Frederick Douglass, “Self-Made Men,” in Jonathan Bean, ed.,
Race and Liberty in America: The Essential Reader
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009), 108.
33.
Carl Schurz,
Speeches of Carl Schurz
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1865), 108.
34.
Tony Horwitz,
Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War
(New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 54.
35.
Scott v. Sanford,
60 U.S. 393, 407 (1857).
36.
Frederick Douglass, “The Mission of the War,” in
Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings,
566.
37.
Theodore Brantner Wilson,
The Black Codes of the South
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1965), 63.
38.
W. E. B. DuBois,
Black Reconstruction
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1935), 168.
39.
Wilson,
Black Codes,
98.
40.
Wilson,
Black Codes,
75.
41.
The Opelousas, Louisiana, ordinance is reproduced in Carl Schurz, “Report on the Conditions of the South,” December 18, 1865, in Schurz,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz,
vol. 1, ed. Frederic Bancroft (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), 324.
42.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, At the First Session of the Thirty-Ninth Congress
(Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press, 1969; Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1866), part IV, 69. All citations refer to the 1969 reprint edition.
43.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
part IV, 64.
44.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
part II, 55.
45.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
part II, 56.
46.
Wilson,
Black Codes,
96.
47.
Wilson,
Black Codes,
143.
48.
“Mississippi Black Code, 1866,” in Bean, ed.,
Race and Liberty in America,
64.
49.
DuBois,
Black Reconstruction,
172.
50.
Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
part II, 57.
51.
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14 Stat. 27 (April 9, 1866).
52.
Andrew Johnson, “Veto of Civil Rights Bill,” in
The Papers of Andrew Johnson,
vol. 10,
February-July 1866,
ed. Paul H. Bergeron (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 320.
53.
Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 478 (1866).
54.
Barron v. Baltimore,
32 U.S. 243, 249 (1833).
55.
Paul Finkelman, “John Bingham and the Background to the Fourteenth Amendment,”
Akron Law Review
36 (2002-2003): 691.
56.
Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 2542 (1866).
57.
Michael Kent Curtis,
No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights
(Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1986), 6. See also Akhil Reed Amar,
The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
58.
Curtis,
No State Shall Abridge,
7.
59.
Curtis,
No State Shall Abridge,
64-65.
60.
Madison,
Writings,
445.
61.
Curtis,
No State Shall Abridge,
64.
62.
Corfield v. Coryell,
6 F. Cas. 546, 551 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1823).
63.
Corfield,
6 F. Cas. 551-552.
64.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 97.
65.
Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., 2765-66 (1866).
66.
Quoted in Curtis,
No State Shall Abridge,
147-148.
67.
Quoted in Curtis,
No State Shall Abridge,
151.
68.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 78.
69.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 87.
70.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 97.
71.
Slaughter-House,
83 U.S. at 96.
72.
People v. Marx,
2 N.E. 29, 33 (N.Y. 1885).
73.
In re Tie Loy
(Cal.), 26 Fed. Rep. 611, 613 (1886).
74.
Ralph Hancock, “Margarine,” in
The Oxford Companion to Food,
ed. Alan Davidson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 478.
75.
Paul D. Moreno,
The American State from the Civil War to the New Deal: The Twilight of Constitutionalism and the Triumph of Progressivism
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 78.
76.
The statute is quoted in
Powell v. Pennsylvania,
127 U.S. 678, 679 (1888).
77.
Powell,
127 U.S. at 684 (internal quotations omitted).
78.
Powell,
127 U.S. at 686.
79.
Powell,
127 U.S. at 695.
80.
Powell,
127 U.S. at 689.
81.
Powell,
127 U.S. at 696.
82.
Powell,
127 U.S. at 695.
83.
Robert Green McCloskey,
American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise, 1865-1910
(New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1951), 115.
84.
McCloskey,
American Conservatism,
116.
85.
Munn v. Illinois,
94 U.S. 113, 126 (1877).
86.
Munn,
94 U.S. at 132 (internal quotations omitted).
87.
Munn,
94 U.S. at 134.
88.
Munn,
94 U.S. at 139.
89.
Munn,
94 U.S. at 140.
90.
Munn,
94 U.S. at 148.
91.
Ah Kow v. Nunan,
12 F. Cas. 252, 256 (C.C.D. Cal. 1879).
92.
Ah Kow,
12 F. Cas. at 255.
93.
In re Quong Woo,
13 Fed. 229 (C.C.D. Cal. 1882).
94.
Quong Woo,
13 Fed. at 233.
95.
Quong Woo,
13 Fed. at 232.
96.
Quong Woo,
13 Fed. at 230.
97.
Allgeyer v. Louisiana,
165 U.S. 578, 591 (1897).
Chapter Two
1.
Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, September 8, 1862, in
The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee,
eds. Clifford Dowdey and Louis H. Manarin (New York: Da Capo Press, 1987), 301.