Pain (37 page)

1
. Louis M. Orr, “To Socialize Medicine and Socialism by Way of the Veterans Administration,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
162 (October 27, 1956): 860–65.

2
. Lt. Col. Henry K. Beecher, “Pain in Men Wounded in Battle,”
Annals of Surgery
123 (January 1946): 96–105.

3
. Ibid.

4
. For “it was inevitable …,” see
Annual Report: Administrator of Veterans Affairs, 1963
(Washington, D.C.: General Printing Office, 1963), 61; Marshall Andrews, “Veterans Put Big Burden on President,”
Washington Post
, January 20, 1949, C13.

5
. Barbara Welke,
Law and the Borders of Belonging in the Long Nineteenth Century United States
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

6
. “Proper care or our uniformed citizens and appreciation of [their] past service … are part of our accepted governmental responsibilities.” Dwight D. Eisenhower, State of the Union address, February 2, 1953,
Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower
(Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1954), 12:33; for an authoritative history of SSDI, see Edward Berkowitz,
Disabled Policy: America's Programs for the Handicapped
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

7
. See Wilma T. Donahue and Clark Tibbits, “The Task before the Veteran and Society,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, vol. 239,
The Disabled Veteran
(May, 1945), ed. Wilma T. Donahue and Clark Tibbits (Philadelphia, American Academy of Political and Social Science), 1–9; Roy R. Grinker and John P. Spiegel,
Men under Stress
(Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1945), 449. These concerns were widespread. See for example Frank Fearing, “Warriors Return: Normal or Neurotic?”
Hollywood Quarterly
1 (October 1945): 97–109.

8
. Charles Reich, “The New Property,”
Yale Law Journal
73 (April 1964): 733–87; see also John Kenneth Galbraith,
The Affluent Society and Other Writings 1952–1967
(New York: Penguin, 2010).

9
. “There are two groups of individuals,” wrote William Menninger, psychiatrist in the Office of the Surgeon General, “whom psychiatrists have to evaluate
that are not sick but are nonetheless noneffective in military service.” The men he labeled “can'ts” were “inept and lacking in ability.” The “won'ts” were “potentially capable of doing the job required of them” but were unwilling. William Menninger, “The Mentally or Emotionally Handicapped Veteran,” in Donahue and Tibbits,
Disabled Veteran
, 20–28.

10
. Donahue and Tibbits, “Task before the Veteran and Society.”

11
. As historian James Sparrow has noted, the commitments coming out of war both reinforced the commitments of New Deal liberalism and extended those commitments in new ways—the GI Bill being the foremost example. See James Sparrow,
Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government
(New York: Oxford, 2011); for “a roof over the head …,” see Sam Stavisky, “Where Does the Veteran Stand Today?”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, vol. 259,
Parties and Politics: 1948
(September, 1948), 135; for “sense of inadequacy …,” Donahue and Tibbits, “Task before the Veteran and Society”;
Annual Report: Administrator of Veterans Affairs, 1952
(Washington, D.C.: General Printing Office, 1952), 68; for an example of expansion of “service-related” ailments, see Public Law 174 passed by the Eighty-Second Congress, which provided for broader coverage of multiple sclerosis as a disability when diagnosed within two years of separation from active service,
Annual Report: Administrator of Veterans Affairs, 1952
, 67; for Truman's views, see Philip J. Funigiello,
Chronic Politics: Health Care Security from FDR to George W. Bush
(Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2006), 61; for “this means a profound change …,” see Box 88, folder: Basic Philosophy of Pensions Supporting Data (1), U.S. President's Commission on Veterans' Pensions (Bradley Commission): Records, 1954–58, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, KS.

12
. Ray Cromley, “Doctors Prescribe Less ‘Civilization' for Your Chronic Aches and Pains,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 8, 1949, 1. Knapp was former president of the American Congress of Rehabilitative Medicine.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Arthur J. Altmeyer, “The Future of Social Security,”
Social Service Review
27 (September 1953): 267.

15
. For the testimony of the director of the Veterans Administration, see Funigiello,
Chronic Politics
, 68. The new disability enactments (Public Law 149; Public Law 174; Public Law 356; Public Law 357; Public Law 427—all passed by the Eighty-Second Congress) are discussed in
Administrator of Veterans Affairs, Annual Report, 1952
, 66.

16
. Theda Skocpol,
Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1982); and Beth Linker,
War's Waste: Rehabilitation in World War I America
(Chicago: University of Chicago, 2011).

17
. For “temporarily won the battle …,” see “Private Medicine Victory seen in GOP Success,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 15, 1952, 9; for “From such dreams …,” see “Address at the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Dinner, New York City, October 21, 1954,”
Public Papers: Eisenhower
, 936.

18
. “Citation Accompanying Medal of Honor Awarded to Private First Class Alford L. McLaughlin—August 18, 1953,”
Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower
(Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1953): 174; see also David Gerber, “Heroes and Misfits: The Troubled Social Reintegration of Disabled Veterans in ‘The Best Years of Our Lives,'”
American Quarterly
46 (December 1994): 545–74.

19
. Eisenhower, State of the Union address, 1953, 33.

20
. For “Holders of the Purple Heart …,” see The Military Order of the Purple Heart, Inc. to the Bradley Commission, May 27, 1955, Bradley Commission Papers, box 9, folder: Indexed Replies Copy 1 (2); for “compensation for those …,” see Disabled American Veterans letter to Bradley Commission, May 19, 1955, Bradley Commission Papers, box 9, folder: Indexed Replies Copy 1 (2).

21
. For “disgusting …,” see “VFW Chief Hits Medical Group,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 26, 1954, 5; see also “AMA Head Calls VA Free Enterprise Threat,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 26, 1953, 34; Lisa McGirr,
Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 67; for “continued federal encroachment …,” see Nate Haseltine, “AMA Claims Legion Aids Socialism,”
Washington Post
, August 31, 1954, 2; for “cash-conscious …,” see “American Legion Attacks AMA on Free Care Stand,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 2, 1954, 18; for “lay off …,” see “AMA Is Assailed by VFW Leader,”
Washington Post
, March 16, 1954,13; see also Nate Haseltine, “AMA Claims Legion Aids Socialism,”
Washington Post
, August 31, 1954, 2; “Non-Service Veterans Care Under Attack,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 29, 1955, 12.

22
. “Veto of Bill for the Relief of Fred P. Hines. July 20, 1953,”
Public Papers: Eisenhower
(1953), 498.

23
. Letter from Eisenhower to General Omar N. Bradley, Chairman, President's Commission on Veterans' Pensions, Concerning a Study of Veterans' Benefits, March 5, 1955,
www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10429
.

24
. For proposed legislation, see “Social Security Extension Plan Rapped by AMA,”
Los Angeles Times
, July 16, 1955, 4; “AMA Blasts Security Bill for Disabled,”
Washington Post
, July 23, 1955, 24; “Non-Service Veterans Care under Attack,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 29, 1955, 12.

25
. Meeting with John Gunther, February 7, 1950, Miller Center, Scripps Archive, University of Virginia,
http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/presidentialrecordings/eisenhower#presidential
.

26
. McGirr,
Suburban Warriors
.

27
. “Thanks to Penicillin … He Will Come Home,” Henley Laboratories Inc. advertisement,
Life
, August 14, 1944; for studies on drug production in World War II and postwar drug cultures, see Nicholas Rasmussen,
On Speed: The Many Lives of Amphetamines
(New York: NYU Press, 2008); and David Herzberg,
Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010).

28
. Oxycodone production around 1948–50 stood at 9 kilograms; by 1960 it was 569 kilograms. Mentioned by Edward Bloomquist, MD, Los Angeles member of the Committee on Dangerous Drugs, California Medical Association in his “The Addiction Potential of Oxycodone (Percodan),”
California Medicine
99, no. 2 (August 1963): 127–30. See also Nathan Eddy, H. Halbach, and Olav Braenden, “Synthetic Substances with Morphine-Like Effect: Clinical Experience: Potency, Side Effects, Addiction Liability,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
17 (1957): 569–863.

29
. Peter Bart, “Aspirin Consumption Increases with the Nation's Headaches,”
New York Times
, March 26, 1961, F1; John Kenneth Galbraith,
The Affluent Society and Other Writings 1952–1967
(New York: Penguin, 2010); for Frank Erving, see “Attack on Pain,”
Time
, March 2, 1959, 32, 34. As Dominique Tobbell has noted, “Retail pharmacists were struggling to meet the demands placed on them by the ever-expanding market of prescription drugs.” Dominique A. Tobbell, “‘Eroding the Physician's Control of Therapy': The Postwar Politics of the Prescription,” in
Prescribed: Writing, Filling, Using, and Abusing the Prescription in America
, ed. Jeremy A. Greene and Elizabeth Siegel Watkins (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 68.

30
. Paul DeKruif, “God's Own Medicine,”
Reader's Digest
, June 1946, 15; for Senate testimony, see William Moore, “Addict Reveals Use of Dope by Chicago Pupils,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, June 27, 1951, 8; and “Stiffer Sentence for Selling Drugs to Minors Proposed,”
Washington Post
, July 26, 1951, 9; for “my first shot of dope …,” see David Courtwright, Herman Joseph, and Don Des Jarlais, eds.,
Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923–1965
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989), 56; for “he had become addicted …,” see Harold Hinton, “Three Minors Recount Narcotic Scourge,”
New York Times
, June 27, 1951, 19.

31
. For “has become the fastest-selling …,” see “Wonder Drugs and Mental Disorders,”
Consumer Reports
, August 1955, 388; see also
“Don't-Give-a-Damn-Pills,”
Time
, February 27, 1956, 98; for deinstitutionalization, see “Importance of Tranquil Drugs Noted: May Outweigh Atomic Power, Psychiatrist Tells Congress,”
Baltimore Sun
, February 12, 1958, 3.

32
. “‘Ideal' in Tranquility,”
Newsweek
, October 29, 1956, 63; on Blatnik, see “Washington High Lights—Many Items Face Study,”
Christian Science Monitor
, July 15, 1957, 11; and “Promotion of Tranquilizing Drugs to Be Investigated,”
Baltimore Sun
, February 9, 1958, 3; “AMA Cover-Up on Ads Charged,”
New York Times
, January 29, 1960, 15.

33
. Howard Snyder to Alfred Guenther, Supreme Commander, SHAPE, July 9, 1956, from Gettysburg, box 10, folder: Correspondence re DDE EIS thru LEI (3), Howard Snyder Paper, Dwight Eisenhower Library. See also Robert Gilbert, “Eisenhower's 1955 Heart Attack: Medical Treatment, Political Effects, and the ‘Behind the Scenes' Leadership Style,”
Politics and the Life Sciences
27, no. 1 (March 2008): 3.

34
. For “an unusually large …,” John Bonica,
The Management of Pain
(Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1953), 5; for “though it is common …,” see Bonica,
Management of Pain
, 135.

35
. Ibid., 73. Writing to the medical department of Smith, Kline, and French in 1955, he noted, “In the past I have used the 10 mg. ‘Dexedrine' Spansule” for postoperative pain, “but I have found that the side effects, particularly depression of appetite and the jittery feeling, with this amount are too great.” John Bonica to P. C. Lawson, Medical Department, Smith, Kline and French Laboratories, April 27, 1956, box 67, folder 13, John Bonica Papers, UCLA.

36
. For “the leading reason …,” see advertisement copy for Lea and Febiger Books, Bonica,
Management of Pain
, in “The Scientist's Bookshelf,”
American Scientist
42 (January 1954): 162. An excellent account of Bonica's role in the field is found in Isabelle Baszanger,
Inventing Pain Medicine
(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998); the Bonica papers document extensively the researcher's relationship with industry. For “I am anxious to use …,” see Dr. M. J. Lewenstein, Endo Products, to Bonica, May 1955, Box 67, folder 13, Bonica Papers: “Dear Dr. Bonica … I expect to be in Tacoma on Wednesday and should like to discuss with you at that time your paper on Percodan as well as the results which you so far have obtained with Numorphan.”