Pain (50 page)

as doctor shopping,
5
,
170

liberalism of Clinton and,
1

OxyContin and,
5
–6,
168
,
170
–71

lobotomies,
35
–39,
79

Long, Russell,
119

Longmore, Paul,
149

Lutz, Harold,
110

malingering,
41
–42,
53
,
79
–80,
93
–97,
100

Mao Tse-Tung,
87
,
94

marijuana, medical,
151
,
181
,
206

marketing of painkillers: aspirin,
30

direct-to-consumer advertising,
169
,
181
–82

DMSO,
74

negligent,
189
–90

in 1950s,
29
–32

OxyContin,
186
–99.
See also
consumerism in drug market

masculinity, social codes of,
17
–18,
21
,
41
,
50
,
81
–84

Matson, Floyd,
71

McCarthy, Joseph,
47

McGill Pain Questionnaire,
95

McGirr, Lisa,
28

McLaughlin, Alford,
24
,
34

Mechanisms of Pain Management
(Bonica),
33
–35

Medicaid,
70
,
158
,
180
,
190

Medicare,
2
,
3
,
58
,
70
–71,
93
,
97
,
105
,
106
,
108
,
158

medication, opiate,
153
.
See also
marketing of painkillers; pharmaceutical industry; prescription drugs; regulation of drugs;
specific medications

Meese, Edwin,
111
,
118

Melzack, Ronald,
77
–79,
80
,
88
,
95

Merck and Vioxx,
190
–92

methadone,
86
,
88
,
94
,
95
,
127
,
183

methamphetamine,
180
,
184

Miakowski, Christine,
196

Michigan,
147
–48,
154

Military Order of the Purple Heart,
25

Mill, John Stuart,
11

Miller, Sherry,
131
,
132
,
133
,
146

Miltown,
31
,
58
,
172

Minor, John,
44

Miranda, Manuel,
97

Miranda
case,
117

Mondale, Walter,
113
–14

morals,
65
–66

Morgan, Hugh,
43

morphine,
15
,
29
,
30
,
38
,
67
,
86
,
88
,
95
,
132
,
144
,
183
,
186

Moscoso, Javier,
202

Motrin,
174
,
175
,
178

Mullan, Eileen,
88

Nader, Ralph,
175

Naprosyn,
177
–78

Nathan, P. W.,
85
–86

National Association of Disability

Examiners,
115

National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act,
179

National Initiative on Technology and the Disabled,
125

National Institute of General Medical Sciences,
Threshold
,
81
,
82

National Institute of Nursing Research,
197

National Institutes of Health: Ad Hoc Committee on Acupuncture,
91
,
92

Institute of Medicine study and,
211

National Recipient System,
104

National Rehabilitation Association,
115

Neal, Helen,
96

New Jersey Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act,
206

New York,
81
,
84
,
95
,
107
,
142
,
148
,
154
,
157
,
197
,
262
n50

Nickles, Don,
159
,
160

Nixon, Richard M.,
59
–60,
87
–88,
95
,
103
,
104
,
159

North Carolina,
141
,
161

Nussbaum, Martha,
10

Obama, Barack,
7
,
209

Obamacare (Affordable Care Act),
208
,
210
–11

O'Connor, Sandra Day,
155
,
156
–57,
165
,
167

Ohio and PAS,
154

Oraflex,
173
–76,
179

Oregon: Congress and,
158
–59,
160
–62

Death with Dignity law,
158

Department of Justice and,
163
–64

health reform in,
143
,
165

PAS and,
135
,
150
–52,
154
,
157

Supreme Court and,
165

Oregon v. Gonzalez
,
208

Orr, Louis,
13
–14,
16
,
46
–47,
48

oxycodone (Percodan),
29
,
30

OxyContin: abuse of,
6

adverse events from,
191

congressional hearing on,
185

as “hillbilly heroin,”
184

Limbaugh and,
5
–6,
168
,
170
–71,
201

litigation over,
185
–86

overview of,
182
–90

politics of pain and,
199
–201

promise of,
172
,
183
,
192

rise of regulation and,
186
–94

timed-release,
169
,
182
,
183
–84

Page, Clarence,
201

Page, Rosie,
57
,
59
,
60
,
69
,
76

Page v. Celebrezze
case,
57
–58,
61
–63,
208

pain: adjudicators of,
45
,
121
,
135
,
178

arthritis and,
9
,
22
,
40
,
51
–60,
69
–74,
127
,
151
,
172
–73,
190
,
192
,
210

and behavior as cultural,
66
,
68
,
81
–84,
86

Christianity and,
111

as commodified and monetized,
39
–46,
52

context of,
14
–15,
34

disparities in relief of,
194
–99

as duty of citizenship,
48
–49

evaluation of,
64
–69,
121
,
123

face of,
8
–9

gender differences and,
17
–18,
21
,
41
,
50
,
60
–61,
65
,
81
–84,
126
,
195
–96

Hand definition of,
62
–63

hysteria and,
60
–61,
126

legal proof of,
115

legitimacy of complaints of,
60
–64

literature on history of,
221
n8

management of,
33
–39,
75
,
79
,
227
n41

medications and,
29
–33,
39
,
71
–76,
79
,
126
–27,
133
–34,
170
–75,
179
–86,
194
–201

morality and,
11
,
12
,
16
,
37
,
40
,
43
,
48
,
51
,
54
,
55
,
65
–66,
84
,
110
,
123
,
124
,
133
,
134
,
140
,
144
–47,
150
–59,
165
,
209

neurosurgery and,
35
–39,
79
,
227
n41

overmedication of,
194
–99

pill mills and,
186
,
198
,
199

social order

and,
10
–11

social policies and,
6
–8

soldiers and,
14
–15,
18
,
27
,
33
,
39
,
42
,
47
,
50
,
193

spanking and,
67
–68

specialization in treatment of,
33
–39,
76

subjectivity of,
3
,
4
,
9
,
40
–41,
52
,
62
–63,
67
,
84
–85,
97
,
99
,
100
,
108
,
109
,
118
–22,
126
–28,
207

tolerance of,
65
,
67
–68

as Trojan horse,
39
,
54
–56

undertreatment of,
137
,
139
,
141
,
148
,
194
–99

as wedge issue,
108
.
See also
legal issues; politics of pain; theories of pain

“Pain and Disability” (Institute of Medicine),
211
–12

pain complainants: arthritic personality and,
55
–56

as clock-watchers,
137

ethnicity of,
66

fraud by,
1
–2,
9
,
71

gender of,
126

legitimacy of,
60
–64

as malingering,
41
–42,
53
,
79
–80,
93
–97,
100

neoconservatism and,
98
–99,
100

perceptions of,
46
,
49
–52,
53
–54

as processors of information,
78

as stock figures in political theater,
202
–3

veterans as,
13
–14,
15
–18,
46

pain defense of Kevorkian,
132
,
144
–50

pain managers.
See
physicians

pain relief: in China,
89
–91,
90
,
94

conservatism and,
149
–50,
159
–64

as constitutional right,
156
–57,
164
–67

discrimination in,
194
–95

end-of-life care and,
134
–35,
156
–57

fraud in,
70
–71

gap in,
194
–99

from medication, belief in,
29
–33

radicalization of,
76
–87

trust and,
32
,
59

under-treatment of pain,
137
,
139
,
141
,
148

worthiness for,
48
–49

pain standard: of conservatism,
4
,
97
,
111
,
121
,
122
–23,
125
,
162
–63

of liberalism,
4
,
63
–64,
94
–95

parenting, “permissive,”
67
–68

Parsons, Talcott,
51
,
55

PAS.
See
physician-assisted suicide

Paul, Ron,
138
,
161

penicillin,
29
,
44

People in Pain
(Zborowski),
81
–84,
196

Percodan,
29
,
30
,
169
,
182
–83

Pernick, Martin,
196

personality: arthritic,
55
–56

learned helplessness and,
96
,
109
–10

lobotomy and,
37
,
38
–39

medication and,
31
–32

pain tolerance and,
67

and response to pain,
86

perverse incentives,
9
,
53
,
103
–4

Pfizer and Bextra,
191
,
192

phantom limb pain,
16
,
33
,
49
,
78

pharmaceutical industry: experts for,
34
–35

government regulation and oversight of,
71
,
72
–73,
173
,
190
,
238
n35

marketing by,
30
,
32
,
169
,
170
,
173
,
179
–86,
199

market share of antiarthritic drugs,
175

non-profit organizations and,
200
–201

pain-killers as financial lifeblood of,
172

postwar,
29

self-interest of,
197
–98

U.S. Department of Justice and,
176
–77,
190
–91.
See also
prescription drugs; Purdue Pharma