Polio Wars (117 page)

62.
“Challenges Expenses of Kenny Fund”; “Questionable Drives for ‘Charity' ”
Chicago Tribune
April 6 1960; “Irregularities Are Charged In Sister Kenny Fund Drive”; “Kenny Fund Accused of Misusing Money”
Chicago Tribune
June 28 1960; “Funds for Polio Found Diverted”
New York Times
June 28 1960. B. C. Gamble, a local businessman, was chosen as KF president along with 6 new directors; Huenkens was not invited to the directors' meeting to discuss the report.

63.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 245–246; “The Kenny Report”
Chicago Tribune
July 6 1960; “Ex-Kenny Fund Official Faces Theft Charges”
Chicago Tribune
July 30 1960; “Kenny Fund Sues 2 Former Aides”
New York Times
August 12 1960; “Suit Filed to Recover Millions in Kenny Funds”
Chicago Tribune
August 12 1960.

64.
“4 Chicagoans Indicted for Kenny Fraud”
Chicago Tribune
January 31 1962; “3 Kenny Foundation Ex-Officials Indicted”
Washington Post
January 31 1962; “Convict 5 in Kenny Fraud”
Chicago Tribune
May 30 1963; “5 Convicted of Defrauding Sister Kenny Foundation”
New York Times
May 30 1963; “Kline Gets 10 Years In Kenny Fund Fraud”
Washington Post
April 6 1961; “Settlement Taken By Kenny Fund”
Washington Post
October 11 1963; “Kenny Suit Settled for 1 Million Dollars”
Chicago Tribune
January 8 1966.

65.
Robert H. Hamlin
Voluntary Health and Welfare Agencies in the United States: An Exploratory Study
(New York: Schoolmaster's Press, 1961); Emma Harrison “Ribicoff Advises Charity Agencies”
New York Times
September 15 1961.

66.
Local reporters published Krusen's salary; at the KF he was making $35,000 a year; at the Mayo Clinic he had made $34,600 in 1958 and $34,700 in 1959; “Dr. Krusen Reviews Kenny Plans”
Minneapolis Star
November 10 1960; Daniel J. Hafrey “He's Rehabilitating the Rehabilitators”
Minneapolis Sunday Tribune
October 23 1961.

67.
“Krusen to Head Kenny Institute”
[Rochester, MN] Post-Bulletin
September 9 1960; Bob Murphy “Doctor Honored by 37 Awards”
Minneapolis Star
August 18 1960; “Dr. Frank Krusen of Mayo Clinic, 75”
New York Times
September 18 1973; G. Keith Stillwell “In Memoriam: Frank H. Krusen, M.D. 1898–1973”
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(1973) 54: 493–495. Krusen, who had become head of the Minnesota State Board of Health, had just returned from Washington, D.C. where he had assisted the federal Office of Vocational Rehabilitation.

68.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 251–252; “Dr. Krusen Given Distinguished Service Award”
JAMA
(July 5 1958) 167: 1250; “Dr. Frank Krusen Dies at Cape Cod Home”
JAMA
(October 29 1973) 226: 523–524. He died in 1973.

69.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 251–252; Paul Elwood in
Health Inquiry (Poliomyelitis)
[Part 3 October 6 1953], 638–642; see also “Paul M. Ellwood, Jr., MD. In First Person: An Oral History” interviewed by Anthony R. Kovner, September 16 2010, Hospital Administration Oral History Collection (Chicago: Health Research and Educational Trust, 2011);
http://www.aha.org/aha/resource-center/Center-for-Hospital-and-Health-Administration-History/Ellwood%20–%20FINAL%20–%20050211.pdf
, accessed 8/6/2011.

70.
“Sister Kenny Foundation Changes Name”
Chicago Tribune
January 29 1965.

71.
Morris Fishbein
Morris Fishbein, M.D.: An Autobiography
(New York: Doubleday, 1969), 229–234.

72.
John K. Alexander “Saul Benison”
[AHA] Perspectives
(October 2007)
http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0710/0710mem1.cfm
, accessed 11/25/2012; “In Memorandum: Saul Benison (1920–2006)”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(2008) 82: 42–423; Saul Benison “Reflections on Oral History”
American Archivist
(1965) 28: 71–77. Benison had worked as an oral historian at Columbia University and then accepted a position in the history department of the University of Cincinnati.

73.
F. L. Horsfall “Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888–May 12, 1962”
Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Sciences
(1965) 38: 263–94; see also Saul Benison “The History of Polio Research in the United States: Appraisal and Lessons” in Gerald Holton ed.
The Twentieth-Century Sciences: Studies in the Biography of Ideas
(New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1972), 308–343.

74.
Saul Benison
Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1967), 282–284.

75.
Francis MacFarlane Burnet
Changing Patterns: An Atypical Autobiography
(Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1968), 165–168.

76.
[Cohn fourth interview with] John Pohl, August 27 1963, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; John Pohl to Dear Vic [Cohn], July 29 1967, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

77.
There is a brief reference to the Kendalls' PHS bulletin, described as an effort “on the part of the U.S. Public Health Service” to combat the widespread tendency of splinting limbs “to excess”; Paul
A History
, 338.

78.
Paul
A History
, 336, 342–343.

79.
Paul
A History
, 340–344.

80.
Editorial [Robert Bennett] “The Contribution to Physical Medicine of Our Experience With Poliomyelitis”
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(September 1969) 50: 524.

81.
Editor's Note, Walter I. Galland “The Post-Paralytic Treatment of Poliomyelitis From the Orthopedic Standpoint” [abridged from]
Archives of Physical Therapy
(1932), [reprinted in]
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(September 1969) 50: 525.

82.
Ghormley et al. “Evaluation of the Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis” [abridged from]
JAMA
(June 17 1944) [reprinted in]
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(September 1969) 50: 531–535; Miland E. Knapp “The Contribution of Sister Elizabeth Kenny to the Treatment of Poliomyelitis” [abridged from]
Archives of Physical Medicine
(August 1955), [reprinted in]
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(September 1969) 50: 535–542.

83.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 247–250; Mr. Mondale “Sister Kenny”
Congressional Record—Senate
August 7 1972, S12907, Biographical Data, MHS-K.

84.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 20–23.

85.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 10, 30, 100.

86.
Cohn
Sister Kenny
, 3, 7–8, 36.

87.
Audrey B. Davis “[review]
Sister Kenny
”
Clio Medica
(1976) 11: 206.

88.
Glenda Riley “[review
Sister Kenny
]”
South Dakota History
(fall 1976) 6: 482–483, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

89.
Marjorie C. Meehan “Sister Kenny [review
Sister Kenny
]”
JAMA
(May 31 1976) 235: 2435.

90.
Sonya Rudikoff “Using Her Intuition in A Crusade Against Polio” [review
Sister Kenny
]
Washington Post
March 4 1976.

91.
J. A. Myers to Dear Maurice [Visscher], May 6 1971, Box 19, Folder 1, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC; see Meyers “Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis) in Minnesota Including the Elizabeth Kenny Episode,” Box 19, Sister Kenny Institute 1938–1946, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC.

92.
Myers to Dear Harold [Miller], September 8 1960, Box 19, Folder 1, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC.

93.
“[Report of] Board of Directors Meeting”
Bulletin of the Hennepin County Medical Society
(December 1960) 31: 532; Thomas P. Cook to Dear Doctor Miller, November 23 1960, Box 19, Folder 1, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC; Myers to Dear Maurice [Visscher], June 29 1960, Box 19, Folder 1, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC.

94.
Myers “Poliomyelitis (Infantile Paralysis) in Minnesota Including the Elizabeth Kenny Episode,” 24–25, 28, 45.

95.
Myers to Dear John [Moe], December 8 1977, Box 19, Folder 3, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC.

96.
Maurice [Visscher] to Dear Jay [Myers], April 21 1977, Box 21, Myers Papers, UMN-ASC.

97.
Harold S. Diehl “Jay Arthur Myers: Teacher, Colleague, Friend”
Diseases of the Chest
(1968) 53: 666; “Deaths: Jay Arthur Myers, World-Renowned Tuberculosis Expert”
American Journal of Public Health
(1979) 69: 190.

98.
“Sister Kenny Hospital for Polio Patients Closes”
Chicago Tribune
December 26 1957.

99.
“TV: C.B.S. Turns ‘Waltons' Into ‘Easter Story' ”
New York Times
April 19 1973; “Today's Best Bets”
Los Angeles Times
April 19 1973.

100.
Anne Roiphe “The Waltons: Ma and Pa and John-Boy in Mythic America”
New York Times
November 18 1973.

101.
Aaron E. Klein
Trial By Fury: The Polio Vaccine Controversy
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972), 43–45.

102.
“Basil O'Connor, Polio Fighter, Dies”
Washington Post
March 10 1972; Alden Whitman “Basil O'Connor, Polio Crusader, Died”
New York Times
March 10 1972.

103.
McCandlish Phillips “March of Dimes Is Now Paying Basil O'Connor for His Services”
New York Times
February 12 1965.

104.
“Memorial for Basil O'Connor Is Attended by 200”
New York Times
March 14 1972; “Basil O'Connor, Polio Fighter, Dies.”

105.
Harvey Katz “The Cool Hand of Charity”
Washington Post/Times Herald
December 24 1972.

106.
Rebecca L. Craik “Editor's Postscript: Florence P. Kendall, PT”
Physical Therapy
(March 2006) 26: 336; K. G. Hansson “[Review] Henry O. Kendall, Florence P. Kendall, and Dorothy A. Boynton
Posture and Pain
(Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co., 1952)” in
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(April 1956) 38: 473.

107.
Lucie P. Lawrence “Florence Kendall: What a Wonderful Journey”
PT Magazine of Physical Therapy
(2000) 8: 42. See also [advertisement] Kendall et al.:
Posture And Pain
[in]
American Journal of Physical Medicine
(December 1961) 40: n.p., Kendall Collection.

108.
Lawrence “Florence Kendall: What a Wonderful Journey,” 45. She died in 2006; Matt Schudel “[Obituary] Physical Therapist Florence P. Kendall”
Washington Post
February 5 2006.

109.
Michele Wojciechowski “Remembering Florence Kendall”
Proficio
(2006) 15: 3.

110.
Florence P. Kendall “Sister Elizabeth Kenny Revisited”
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
(1998) 79: 361–365. According to Kendall, Kenny's theory of mental alienation “gave false hope to many victims.” I contacted Kendall after this article appeared and interviewed her in her home in Silver Springs, Maryland where she showed me these sources and spoke clearly and antagonistically about Kenny; Kendall, interviews with Rogers, April 26 and April 27 1999, Silver Springs, Maryland.

111.
For a nuanced reading of polio publications such as the [Warm Springs]
Wheelchair Review
and the [Cleveland]
Toomey j. Gazette
see Jacqueline Foertsch
Bracing Accounts: The Literature and Culture of Polio in Postwar America
(Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2008).

112.
Oshinksy
Polio
, 282–285; see also Victor Cohn “Recurrent Polio Strikes Victims of Epidemics”
Washington Post
May 26 1984.

113.
Daniel J. Wilson
Living with Polio: The Epidemic and Its Survivors
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005); Richard L. Bruno
The Polio Paradox: Understanding and Treating ‘Post-Polio Syndrome' and Chronic Fatigue
(New York: Warner Books, 2002); Lauro Halstead
Managing Post Polio: A Guide to Living And Aging Well with Post-Polio Syndrome
(Washington, DC: National Rehabilitation Hospital Press, 2006); Julie K. Silver
Post-Polio: A Guide for Polio Survivors and Their Families
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011).

114.
John Toomey had disliked Kenny and felt her work overshadowed his own, but, reflecting Toomey's eminence in his home town, after he died in 1950 the polio rehabilitation center connected to Cleveland's infectious disease hospital was renamed the Toomey Rehabilitation Pavilion. His name gained lasting recognition when Gini Laurie founded the
Toomeyville j. Gazette
in 1955, a newsletter that linked together polio survivors and became one of the nodes of the postwar disability rights movement.

115.
Rosemarie Garland Thomson “Imaging FDR: Separate Still”
Ragged Edge Online
(2001) issue 2;
http://www.ragged-edge-mag.com/0301/0301ft3.htm
, accessed 8/17/2011; Oshinksy
Polio
, 284–285; Rosemarie Garland Thomson “The FDR Memorial: Who Speaks From the Wheelchair?”
Chronicle of Higher Education
January 26 2001; Kim E. Nielsen “Memorializing FDR”
OAH Magazine of History
(2013) 27: 23–26.

116.
Bruno
The Polio Paradox
, 73.

117.
Robert F. Hall
Through the Storm: A Polio Story
(St. Cloud, MN: North Star Press, 1990), 6–7.