Polio Wars (40 page)

72.
Esther I. McEachen to Dear Miss [Mary Stewart] Kenny, October 15 1942, Technicians—Misc., undated and 1941–1949, MHS-K; see also a description of an evening meeting in Indianapolis, Charlotte Anderson to Dear Sister Kenny, April 4 1943, Technicians—Misc., undated and 1941–1949, MHS-K.

73.
F. H. Krusen “Observations on the Kenny Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic
(August 12 1942) 17: 452.

74.
For examples of the claim that physicians were initially skeptical see Don W. Gudakunst “Up To Date on Infantile Paralysis”
Parents' Magazine
(June 1942) 17: 75; “New Technique For Paralysis Cases Accepted”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
October 18 1942; “Girl Walks Again in Kenny Cure Test”
New York Times
October 27 1942.

75.
Krusen “Observations on the Kenny Treatment of Poliomyelitis,” 449–460; Gudakunst to Dear Doctor Compere, January 29 1942, Public Relations, MOD-K. See also Winnipeg orthopedist Alfred Deacon who visited Kenny in Minneapolis with funding from the NFIP, and assured Gudakunst that he had also traveled to Rochester to talk with Krusen for “I also knew that he had not definitely endorsed Sister Kenny's treatment”; A. E. Deacon to Dear Dr. Gudakunst, January 6 1942.

76.
Kenny, letter to editor,
British Medical Journal
(January 29 1944) 1: 163.

77.
Wallace H. Cole, John F. Pohl, and Miland E. Knapp “The Kenny Method of Treatment for Infantile Paralysis”
Archives of Physical Therapy
(June 1942) 23: 399–418; Miland E. Knapp “The Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysis”
Archives of Physical Therapy
(November 1942) 23: 668–673. The Cole, Pohl, and Knapp paper was published as a separate pamphlet by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis; Wallace H. Cole, John F. Pohl, and Miland E. Knapp
The Kenny Method of Treatment for Infantile Paralysis
(New York: National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Publication No. 40, 1942). Typical was an editorial in the British
Lancet
that praised the University of Minnesota group as “composed of men who at the outset were sceptical [sic] of the value of the method; “The Kenny Method In Poliomyelitis”
Lancet
(January 30 1943) 241: 148.

78.
“New Technique For Paralysis Cases Accepted”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
October 18 1942.

79.
Elizabeth Kenny
Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage
(Minneapolis: Bruce Publishing Company, 1941), 102; Lewin
Infantile Paralysis
, 137–138.

80.
Yoder “Healer from the Outback,” 18; see also Kenny to Dear Dr. Fishbein, October 5 1941, Public Relations, MOD-K.

81.
Lewin “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis during the Acute Stage”
Illinois Medical Journal
(April 1942) 81: 281–296; see also “Official Program of the One Hundred Second Annual Meeting, Illinois State Medical Society”
Illinois Medical Journal
(May 1942) 81: 366.

82.
[Cohn interview with] Lewin, October 19 1954.

83.
“Dr. Philip Stimson Dead at 82: Active in the Fight Against Polio”
New York Times
September 14 1971.

84.
Philip Stimson “Poliomyelitis,” Address before the York County Medical Society, York, Pennsylvania, Friday, August 22 1941, Box 1, Folder 16, Address by PMS to York County Medical Society, Stimson Papers.

85.
Philip Stimson “Kenny Treatment & Minimizing the After Effects of Polio” [notes] September 26 1941, Box 2, Folder 1, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.

86.
Ibid. Stimson began using Kenny's methods with patients at the Willard Parker Hospital, and the director of New York Orthopedic Hospital Alan DeForrest Smith and his head physical therapist William Benham Snow “promised to continue the Kenny treatment”; Philip Stimson to Dear Joe [Stokes], December 3 1941, Box 2, Folder 2, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers. Stimson also gave a joint speech with Wallace Cole to the Medical Society of Westchester County in March 1942 where he was described as “foremost in the development and recognition of the Kenny treatment”; “Program of March Meeting”
Westchester Medical Bulletin
(March 1942) 10: 8.

87.
Boines “Observation of the Kenny Treatment,” 11–14; Kenny “The Technique of the Kenny Treatment: Delivered by Miss Kenny 1-7-42 at Einhorn Auditorium and Lenox Hill Hospital before N.Y. Physical Therapy Society” [attached to] Program of New York Physical Therapy Society, January 7 1942, Public Relations, MOD-K.

88.
Philip Stimson to Dear Bill [William J. Orr], April 17 1942, Box 2, Folder 3, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers; G. B. Lal “Sister Kenny Gains in Fight On Paralysis”
Washington Post
May 3 1942; see also Kenny “Infantile Paralysis: Importance of Treatment in the Acute Stage”
New York State Journal of Medicine
(September 1 1942) 42: 1645–1650.

89.
H. B. Sheffield to My Dear Dr. Stimson, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers; see also Herman B. Sheffield “Infantile Paralysis”
New York State Journal of Medicine
(1920) [reprint enclosed in] H. B. Sheffield to My Dear Dr. Stimson, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.

90.
Charles C. Zacharie to My Dear Dr. Stimson, January 11 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.

91.
Philip Stimson to Dear Dr. Zacharie, January 12 1943, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.

92.
“Opponent Now Backs Kenny Treatment”
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin
January 9 1943.

93.
[Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; William Benham Snow to Dear Dr. Stimson, August 12 1943, Box 1, Folder 4, Stimson Papers.

94.
Robert Bingham “The Kenny Treatment for Infantile Paralysis: A Comparison of Results with Those of Older Methods of Treatment”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(July 1943) 25: 647–650; see also [Cohn interview with] Robert Bingham May 19 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

95.
Alan [Deforest Smith] to Dear Philip [Stimson], August 13 1943, Box 1, Folder 4, Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis, Stimson Papers.

96.
Kenny, “Preface” in Pohl and Kenny
The Kenny Concept of Infantile Paralysis
, 23–24, 25.

97.
[Florence Kendall] Notes for Talk to Nurses, St. Agnes Hospital, April 28 1944, Kendall Collection.

98.
John A. Toomey “Treatment of Infantile Paralysis in the Acute Stage”
Archives of Physical Therapy
(November 1942) 23: 651. Kansas physicians suggested that “patients classified as having a non[-]paralytic form should not be included to boost the percentage of ‘good results' ” in evaluating “the Kenny technic”; A. Theodore Steegmann and Kathryn Stephenson “Poliomyelitis: Differential Diagnostic Problems Encountered in an Epidemic”
Archives of Physical Medicine
(August 1945) 26: 485.

99.
A. Bruce Gill to Dear Fellow Members of the Orthopaedic Correspondence Club, April 26 1943, Dr. Bruce A. Gill, 1943, MHS-K.

100.
Maurice B. Visscher and Jay A. Myers [Editorial] “Sister Kenny Five Years After”
Lancet
(August 1945) 65: 309–310; Albert Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny”
American Mercury
(November 1944) 59: 616; Robert V. Funsten “The Influence of the Sister Kenny Publicity on the Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
Virginia Medical Monthly
(October 1945) 72: 404.

101.
See Fishbein's proposal that the NFIP fund “controlled studies on every aspect of this serious disease”; Editorial “The Kenny Method of Treatment in the Acute Peripheral Manifestations of Infantile Paralysis”
JAMA
(December 20 1941) 117: 2171–2172.

102.
Lewin “The Kenny Treatment of Infantile Paralysis,” 281–296.

103.
Deutsch “The Truth About Sister Kenny,” 616.

104.
A. Bruce Gill to Dear Fellow Members of the Orthopaedic Correspondence Club, April 26 1943.

105.
“Pain and Spasm in Poliomyelitis: A Symposium”
American Journal of Physical Medicine
(August 1952) 31: 333, 331; Daniel J. Wilson “Psychological Trauma and Its Treatment in the Polio Epidemics”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
(2008) 82: 848–877.

106.
Gudakunst had begun planning this in February 1942; Gudakunst to Dear Doctor Diehl, February 16 1942, Public Relations, MOD-K.

107.
“Demonstrations Given Special Award at A.M.A. Session”
National Foundation News
(June 1942) 1: 33; Krusen “Observations on the Kenny Treatment of Poliomyelitis,” 453.

108.
Miland E. Knapp to Don Gudakunst [telegram], May 28 1942, Public Relations, AMA files, MOD; [notes on phone conversation] DWG to Miland Knapp, May 29 1942, Public Relations, AMA files, MOD; Harold S. Diehl to Don W. Gudakunst, April 30 1942, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging], Am 15.8 folder 29, UMN-ASC.

109.
Philip Stimson to Dear Dr. Mitchell, December 15 1942, Box 2, Folder 4, Correspondence re Medical Talks, Stimson Papers.

110.
“The Program of the Sections, American Medical Association, Ninety-Third Annual Session, Atlantic City, June 8–12, 1942: Section on Pediatrics”
JAMA
(May 2 1942) 119: 53.

111.
“The Program of the Sections, American Medical Association, Ninety-Third Annual Session, Atlantic City, June 8–12, 1942: Section on Nervous and Mental Diseases”
JAMA
(May 2 1942) 119: 55.

112.
“Proceedings of the Atlantic City Session: Minutes of the Ninety-Third Annual Session of the American Medical Association, Held in Atlantic City, June 8–12, 1942: Minutes of the Sections: Section on Orthopedic Surgery”
JAMA
(July 4 1942) 119: 804. The members of this committee were to be drawn from the Section, the Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, and the American Orthopedic Association.

113.
H. M. Hines “Effects of Immobilization and Activity on Neuromuscular Regeneration”
JAMA
(October 17 1942) 120: 515–517; see also H. M. Hines, J. D. Thomson, and B. Lazere “Physiologic Basis for Treatment of Paralyzed Muscles”
Archives of Physical Therapy
(February 1943) [abstract] in
Physiotherapy Review
(1943) 23: 86.

114.
Donald Young Solandt “Atrophy in Skeletal Muscle”
JAMA
(October 17 1942) 120: 511–513.

115.
Frank R. Ober “Pain and Tenderness during the Acute Stage of Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(October 17 1942) 120: 514–515. Ober had given a talk to the postgraduate medical assembly of Connecticut State Medical Society on Kenny's treatment; “State Doctors Gather Today in New Haven”
Hartford Courant
September 29 1942.

116.
H. R. McCarroll “The Role of Physical Therapy in the Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(October 17 1942) 120: 517–519.

117.
F. A. Hellebrandt, letter to editor,
JAMA
(November 7 1942) 120: 787.

118.
John F. Pohl, letter to editor,
JAMA
(December 5 1942) 120: 1157.

119.
Kenny, letter to editor,
JAMA
(December 19 1942) 120: 1335–1336.

120.
Kenny with Ostenso
And They Shall Walk
214–215.

121.
McCracken, interviews with Rogers, November 1992, Caloundra, Queensland; John Ralph “My Struggle By Sister Kenny”
[Britain] Sunday Graphic
May 11 1947, OM 65-17, Box 1, Folder 4, Chuter Papers, Oxley-SLQ. For images of Australian nurses in fuller, slightly longer dresses, with veils reaching down below the elbow see “On The Other Side of the Sun: Australia's Children Grow Up”
Nursing Times
(February 7 1942) 38: 88–89. For examples of American uniforms see “On The Other Side of the Atlantic: The B Hospital, New York”
Nursing Times
(July 4 1942) 38: 429–430; “New Uniforms for the Army Nurse”
Trained Nurse and Hospital Review
(March 1943) 110: 184–185.

122.
See, for example, Lynn Houweling “Image, Function and Style: A History of the Nursing Uniform”
American Journal of Nursing
(2004) 104: 40–48. On the history of nursing dress see Irene Schuessler “Poplin, Nursing Uniform: Romantic Idea, Functional Attire or Instrument of Social Change”
Nursing History Review
(1994) 2: 153–169; Simonne Horwitz “Black Nurses in White”
Social History of Medicine
(2007) 20: 131–146. My thanks to Patricia D'Antonio for pointing me to these references.

123.
Mary M. I. Daly, Jerome Greenbaum, Edward T. Reilly, Alvah M. Weiss, and Philip M. Stimson “The Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis with an Evaluation of the Sister Kenny Treatment”
JAMA
(April 25 1942) 118: 1433–1443; see also “Remarkable Recoveries Cited For Kenny Polio Treatment”
Science News Letter
(May 9 1942) 41: 294.

124.
Philip Moen Stimson “Minimizing the After Effects of Acute Poliomyelitis”
JAMA
(July 25 1942) 119: 989–991.

125.
A. E. Deacon “The Treatment of Poliomyelitis in the Acute Stage”
Canadian Public Health Journal
(June 1942) 33: 278–281. On polio in Canada see Christopher J. Rutty “The Middle Class Plague: Epidemic Polio and the Canadian State, 1936–1937”
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
(1996) 13: 277–314; Rutty “Do Something! Do Anything! Poliomyelitis in Canada, 1927–1962,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of History, University of Toronto, 1995. Manitoba had significant epidemics in 1928 and 1936.