Polio Wars (91 page)

45.
Hart Van Riper,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 79; Joe W. Savage,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 71.

46.
Joe W. Savage,
Hearings
, May 13 1938, 71.

47.
Gerald Gross “Demurrer By O'Connor, Et Al”
Washington Report on the Medical Sciences
(May 17 1948) 50: 1.

48.
Basil O'Connor “The American Way” June 7 1947, Public Relations, AMA, MOD. On O'Connor's longstanding campaign against federal giving see Oshinksy
Polio
80–81; and O'Connor “Foreword” in Berg
Polio and Its Problems
, vii-viii.

49.
“Address by Dr. Morris Fishbein, Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association Given at a Dinner in the Ansley Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia on Wednesday, September 17, 1947 Marking the End of the Clinical Conference on Poliomyelitis Held at Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, September 15th Thru the 17th Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of its Founding,” Public Relations, Fishbein, MOD.

50.
Joe W. Savage to Morris A. Fishbein, February 25 1948, Public Relations, AMA, MOD; Fishbein to Savage, February 28 1948, Public Relations, AMA, MOD; Editorial, “Medical Research,”
JAMA
(1948) 137: 465.

51.
John O'Connor,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 41, 49–50. New York Democrat John Joseph O'Connor (1885–1960) had been in the House 1923–1939.

52.
Gross “Sister Kenny Has Her Say Against Polio Foundation,” 1.

53.
Joseph P. O'Hara during Van Riper's testimony,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 81. Joseph Patrick O'Hara (1895–1975), a Minnesota Republican, was in the House 1941–59.

54.
Wolverton,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 107; Edwin D. Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced”
Washington Times-Herald
, May 15, 1948.

55.
Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced.”

56.
Wolverton and Kenny,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 101.

57.
Gross “Sister Kenny Has Her Say Against Polio Foundation,” 1.

58.
Kenny,
Hearings
, May 19 1948, 193; Gerald Gross “Sister Kenny Shows Her Film To House Interstate Group”
Washington Report on the Medical Sciences
(May 24 1948) 51: 2.

59.
Kenny,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 103, 112; Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced”; Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, May 24 1948.

60.
Kenny,
Hearings
, May 19 1948, 204; Kenny to Wolverton, May 26, 1948, reprinted in Kenny,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 154. See also Gross “Sister Kenny Has Her Say Against Polio Foundation,” 1.

61.
John Heselton,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 111. John Walter Heselton (1900–1962) was a Massachusetts Republican in the House 1945–1959.

62.
Jungeblut “Vitamin C Therapy and Prophylaxis in Experimental Poliomyelitis”
Journal of Experimental Medicine
(1937) 65: 127–146; Jungeblut “Further Observations on Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental Poliomyelitis”
Journal of Experimental Medicine
(1937) 66: 459–477; Jungeblut and R.R. Feiner “Vitamin C Content of Monkey Tissues in Experimental Poliomyelitis”
Journal of Experimental Medicine
(1937) 66: 479–491; Jungeblut “A Further Contribution to Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental Poliomyelitis”
Journal of Experimental Medicine
(1939) 70:315–332. See also Paul de Kruif to Dear Doctor Jungeblut, February 19 1936, Box 1, Folder D, Jungeblut Papers, NLM; de Kruif to Dear Dr. Jungeblut, December 16 1938, Box 1, Folder D, Jungeblut Papers NLM.

63.
Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, February 24 1948, Board of Directors, MHS-K.

64.
Jungeblut “Vitamin C Therapy and Prophylaxis in Experimental Poliomyelitis,” 141; Victor Cohn “Sister Kenny Wins New Medical Praise”
Minneapolis Morning Tribune
October 4 1949; “Polio Clues: Vitamin C”
Time
(September 18 1939) 34: 35–36; “Claus Jungeblut, Bacteriologist, 78”
New York Times
February 2 1976.

65.
“Report of the Queensland Royal Commission on Modern Methods for the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis”
Medical Journal of Australia
(January 29 1938) 1: 195–198; National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis
Infantile Paralysis: A Symposium Delivered at Vanderbilt University April, 1941
(Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1941), 207–209.

66.
Kenny,
Hearings
, May 19 1948, 202; Jungeblut to Kenny, February 24 1948, Dr. Claus W. Jungeblut, 1945–1950, MHS-K; Kenny to Jungeblut, February 16 1948, Dr. Claus W. Jungeblut, 1945–1950, MHS-K.

67.
Kenny,
Hearings
, May 19 1948, 202; Jungeblut to Kenny, February 24 1948; Kenny to Jungeblut, February 16 1948.

68.
Jungeblut,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 67–69; Gerald Gross “ ‘Monopoly' Charge Hurled”
Washington Report on the Medical Sciences
(May 17 1948) 50: 1.

69.
Kenny to Dear Sir [Wolverton], June 9 1948, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Trade, MHS-K.

70.
Wolverton in Jungeblut testimony,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 68.

71.
O'Hara in Van Riper testimony,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 83.

72.
Van Riper,
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 79–81.

73.
Kenny quoted by William Langer May 7 1945,
Congressional Record Appendix, 79th Congress
volume 91, no. 2 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1945), A2109.

74.
Stanley Henwood to Marvin Kline, May 21 1948, [reprinted in] Kenny,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 155.

75.
Martin L. Kline to Dear Mr. Henwood, May 25 1948, [reprinted in] Kenny,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 156; Henwood to Kline 1948, [reprinted in] Kenny,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 105.

76.
Kline to Henwood, May 25 1948.

77.
[Cohn interview with] Al Baum and Mrs. Baum, June 14 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; [Cohn first interview with] Rosalind Russell, August 18 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.

78.
Wolverton [during testimony of Dr. Leonard A. Scheele, Surgeon General],
Hearings
, May 13 1948, 22.

79.
According to reporters, Wolverton gave the NFIP “a severe tongue lashing,” warning that its refusal to support Kenny was “inconceivable” and that the NFIP had clearly “given her the run-around” when she offered to design an exhibit for the conference; Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced”; Wolverton,
Hearings
, May 14 1948, 118; Wolverton, remarks,
Hearings
, May 19 1948, [enclosed in] Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, February 24 1948; Gross “Sister Kenny Shows Her Film To House Interstate Group,” 2.

80.
Wolverton,
Hearings,
May 19 1948. Kenny had been the guest of honor at a luncheon hosted by Jersey City Mayor Frank Eggers who had promised the KF his full cooperation and recalled that his uncle, Frank Hague, had urged Kenny 7 years ago to have a clinic in the Medical Center; “Sister Kenny Asks [for] A Medical Inquiry”
New York Times
March 3 1948.

81.
Appel
Shaping Biology,
34–35; Kevles
The Physicists,
324–366.

82.
England
Patron for Pure Science,
91; Marks “Cortisone,” 429, 438 n.88.

83.
Campion
The AMA and U.S. Health Policy
, 127–164.

84.
Kevles
The Physicists,
356–364; Appel
Shaping Biology,
18–37; Gerald Gross “Clinical Research Center Nearing Contract Stage”
Washington Report on Medical Sciences
57 (July 5 1948), 4, Washington Report File, MHS-K.

85.
Dr. Edward L. Bortz [AMA president],
Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives Eightieth Congress Second Session on
H.R. 5159, H.R. 3059, H.R. 3464, H.R. 3762, H.R. 5087 May 5 and 6, 1948
(Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1948), 102; Steven P. Strickland
Politics, Science and Dread Disease: A Short History of United States Medical Research Policy
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), 53; Roger L. Geiger
Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 180–181.

86.
[Herbert M. Shelton] “Women To the Rescue,”
Dr Shelton's Hygienic Review
(July 1945) 6: 257–258.

87.
Morris Fishbein “Introduction” in
Poliomyelitis: Papers and Discussions Presented at the First International Poliomyelitis Conference
(Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1949), vii; “Polio Conference Opens Here Today,”
New York Times
July 12 1948; William I. Laurence “Older Age Groups Attacked by Polio”
New York Times
July 13 1948. This conference inaugurated a series of international polio meetings sponsored by the NFIP, held every 3 years until 1962, with Fishbein assisting with the publication of the proceedings.

88.
These conferences, Yale epidemiologist John Paul later reflected, “set both the stage and the American standard for a global type of representation that had not existed before, and was especially welcome [by researchers] in the immediate post-World War II period.” But, he added, the conferences were “conducted in a lavish manner, and it was obvious that they could not have been put on without the unique financial backing of the NFIP.” This “spectacle of medical science being closely allied to fund-raising and fund-spending techniques,” Paul believed, resulting in “the raising of eyebrows” among both American and European scientists; Paul
A History
, 320–323. Paul compared these conferences to meetings held by the WHO Expert Committee on Poliomyelitis which began in 1952 and “in the eyes of the world had a truly authoritative ring,” 323.

89.
“Sister Kenny Joins Guild”
New York Times
July 10 1948.

90.
“News: Sister Kenny”
Newsweek
(July 26 1948) 32: 53.

91.
Harold Aaron “Polio: A Story of Conflicting Personalities, Promotional Methods and Treatments for a Crippling Disease,”
Consumer Reports
(February 1949) 14: 80. See also Kenny's report of a foreign doctor about the recent conference that “when weighed in the balance, [it] left the scales empty for the National Foundation … and with gold for Sister Kenny;” Kenny to Dear Mr. LaRoche, November 8 1948, Clara and Chester LaRoche, 1945–1948, MHS-K. On “The Incomprehensible Tabu” cited by Kenny see “Polio Foundation Fights Her Method, Sister Kenny Says” [
Freeport NY] Leader
October 21 1948.

92.
Roland Berg to Roy Naftzger [chairman, executive committee of the Los Angeles County Chapter], November 23 1948, Public Relations, MOD-K.

93.
“First International Poliomyelitis Conference”
Physical Therapy Review
(September-October 1948) 28: 252–253.

94.
Irvine McQuarrie “The Evolution of Signs and Symptoms in Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 57, 59.

95.
David Bodian “Poliomyelitis: Pathologic Anatomy” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 81, 83, 81.

96.
Fritz Buchthal “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 85, 88.

97.
Pollock [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 99.

98.
Russell [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 96–97, 104.

99.
Faber [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 97.

100.
Bodian [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 99.

101.
Kenny “This Report Was Presented to The Honorable The Premier of the State of Queensland E.M. Hanlon, M.L.A. and to Doctors Pye, Nye, Lee, Arden, Wilkinson, and Fryberg of the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Concerning the disease Poliomyelitis [1950],” Kenny Collection, Box 1, Fryer Library, 11.

102.
Herbert J. Seddon “Economic Aspects of the Management of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 35–36; Laurence “Older Age Groups Attacked By Polio”; Nicholas S. Ransohoff “Intocostin in the Treatment of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis”
New York
State Medical Journal
(1947) 47: 151–153.

103.
Seddon [in “Discussion” of Herbert J. Seddon] “Economic Aspects of the Management of Poliomyelitis” in
First International Poliomyelitis Conference
, 53.

104.
Seddon [in Discussion], “Great Britain: Orthopaedic Section of the Royal Society of Medicine”
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(May 1948) 30: 386–388.

105.
H.J. Seddon “The Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis”
British Medical Journal
(August 30 1947) 2: 319–321; Kenny “For the Information of: Dr. Aubrey Pye, Dr. Felix Arden, Dr. Jarvis Nye, Dr. Alan Lee, Dr. Abraham Fryberg, Professor Wilkinson” November 10 1947, Kenny Collection, Fryer Library; Kenny “For the Information of the Staff of the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney” [1947] [enclosed in] Kenny to Sir [Hanlon] November 11 1947, Wilson Collection.