Authors: Vicky Pryce
101
Allison, E., ‘Legal aid for prisoners does not need to be cut – it already has been’,
The Guardian
, 23 April 2013.
102
Sparrow, A., ‘Margaret Thatcher’s funeral cost taxpayers more than £3m’, The Guardian, 29 July 2013.
103
‘Half of inmates use legal aid to complain: prisoners
spending
£500,000 a week on issues including sentences and discipline’,
Daily Mail
online, 7 July 2013.
104
Ibid.
105
Ibid.
106
McClenaghan, M. and Doward, J., ‘Staff cuts at CPS lead to delays, errors and waste, say legal experts’,
The Observer
, 28 July 2013.
107
Williams, K. et al., ‘Prisoners’ childhood and family
backgrounds
’, Ministry of Justice, March 2012 and Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012, p. 26.
108
Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, ‘Managing Offenders on Custodial Sentences’, Ministry of Justice, HC 431, Session 2009–2010, 10 March 2010.
109
The Clink Charity, Report of the Trustees for the year ended 31 December 2012.
110
‘Prisoner voting: MPs seek compromise on ban’, BBC News online, 19 June 2013.
111
Ibid.
112
Written evidence submitted by the Prison Reform Trust to the Commons Select Committee, ‘Barred from Voting: The Right to Vote for Sentenced Prisoners’, February 2011.
113
Sentencing Council, unpublished statistics from the Ministry of Justice Court Proceedings Database 2009, cited in Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012, p. 33.
114
Ministry of Justice, ‘Transforming Rehabilitation: A Strategy for Reform’, 2013.
115
Penrose, ‘Impact Report 2011’, 2011, p. 6.
116
Cox, A. and Gelsthorpe, L., ‘Beats & Bars: Music in Prisons – An Evaluation’, Cambridge: Institute of Criminology, October 2008.
117
Third Sector, ‘Analysis: “A step in the right direction” on
probation
service contracts’, Third Sector online, 25 June 2013.
118
House of Commons Justice Committee, ‘Women Offenders: After the Corston Report’; Second Report of Session 2013–14, vol. 1, pp. 51–3, 58.
119
Ipsos MORI, ‘Closing Gaps, Crime and Public Perceptions’, 14 January 2008, cited in Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012.
120
Cecil, D., ‘Dramatic Portrayals of Violent Women: Female Offenders on Prime Time Crime Dramas’,
Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture
,14 (3), 2007, School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany.
121
Government Equalities Office, ‘Perceptions of Offender’s Gender and Alternatives to Prison’, Ipsos MORI, October 2009.
122
Ibid.
123
Home Office, ‘Crime in England and Wales 2009/10’, cited in Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012.
124
Prison Reform Trust, ‘Public want offenders to make amends’, briefing paper, 2011, London, cited in Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012.
125
ICM opinion poll for the Corston Coalition, 26–28 November 2010, cited in Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012.
126
Government Equalities Office, ‘Perceptions of Offender’s Gender and Alternatives to Prison’, Ipsos MORI, October 2009.
127
Ibid.
128
Berman, G., ‘Prison Population Statistics’, SN/SG/4334, House of Commons Library, 23 February 2012.
129
Wright, O. and Morris, N., ‘Cuts put prisons at serious risk of riots, say officers’,
The Independent
, 28 December 2011.
130
‘Prison cuts may see reoffending rise, say MPs’, BBC News online, 5 March 2013.
131
Hansard HC, 4 April 2011, c. 642w.
132
NOMS Women and Equalities Group, ‘A Distinct Approach: A Guide to Working with Women Offenders’, Ministry of Justice, March 2012.
133
Make Justice Work, ‘Community or Custody? A National Enquiry’, 12 September 2011.
134
Matrix Evidence, ‘Are Short Term Prison Sentences an Efficient and Effective Use of Public Resources?’, Make Justice Work, 29 June 2009.
135
Ministry of Justice, ‘Adult Re-convictions: Results from the 2009 Cohort’, March 2011.
136
Ministry of Justice, ‘Crime Justice Statistics: Quarterly Update to March 2012’, 13 September 2012.
137
Ministry of Justice, ‘2013 Compendium of Re-offending Statistics and Analysis’, 11 July 2013.
138
Hansard HC, 4 April 2011, c. 642w.
139
NOMS Women and Equalities Group, ‘A Distinct Approach: A Guide to Working with Women Offenders’, Ministry of Justice, March 2012.
140
Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, ‘Managing Offenders on Custodial Sentences’, Ministry of Justice, HC 431, Session 2009–2010, 10 March 2010.
141
Curtis, L., ‘Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2011’, Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, 2011.
142
Ministry of Justice, ‘Prison Reception Tables’, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, 8 May 2013.
143
HM Inspectorate of Prisons, ‘Women in Prison’, Home Office, Research Study 208, 2005.
144
Ministry of Justice, Prison Population Statistics, weekly population updates.
145
Carter, P., ‘Lord Carter’s Review of Prisons: Securing the Future’, Ministry of Justice, December 2007 and cited in Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012, p. 16.
146
Mottram, P. and Lancaster, R., ‘HMPs Liverpool, Styal and Hindley YOI: Preliminary Results’, Cumbria and Lancashire: NHS Specialised Services Commissioning Team, 2005.
147
Piquero, A. R. et al., ‘Elaborating the Individual Difference Component in Deterrence Theory’,
Annual Review of Law and Social Science
, vol. 7, 335–360, December 2011.
148
See: Becker, H.,
Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Defiance
, London: Collier-Macmillan, 1966.
149
Sherman, L., ‘Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction’,
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol. 30, no. 4, 445–473, November 1993.
150
Piquero, A. and Paternoster, R., ‘An Application of Stafford and Warr’s Reconceptualization of Deterrence to Drinking and Driving’,
Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
, vol. 35, no. 1, 3–39, February 1998.
151
Shepherd, J. P., ‘Criminal deterrence as a public health
strategy
,’
The Lancet
, 17 November 2001.
152
Ungar, M., ‘Nurturing Resilience’,
Psychology Today
, 13 November 2009.
153
Centre for Social Justice, conference proceedings, November 2012.
154
Ministry of Justice, ‘Population and Capacity Briefing’, 2 November 2012 and HM Prison Sentence, Prison Service Annual Report 1992–1993, 1993.
155
Johnson, P., ‘Violent crime is down. The prison population has doubled. Might there be a link?’,
Daily Telegraph
, 24 April 2013.
156
Prisoners Education Trust, Annual Review 2012, 2012.
157
Matrix Knowledge Group, ‘Lifelong Learning and Crime: An Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of In Prison Educational and Vocational Interventions’, IFLL Public Value Paper 2, National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, 2009.
158
Government Response to the House of Commons Education and Skills Committee Report – Prison Education, June 2005, p. 6.
159
Ministry of Justice, ‘Compendium of Reoffending Statistics and Analysis 2010’, 4 November 2010.
160
Machin, S. et al., ‘The Crime Reducing Effect of Education’,
Economic Journal
, vol. 121, issue 552, 463–484, May 2011.
161
A report – Ministry of Justice, ‘Analysis of the Impact of Employment on Reoffending Following Release from
Custody, Using Propensity Score Matching’, March 2013 – has come up with serious positive findings in this regard.
162
Walmsley, R., ‘Prison Population List’, 9th edn., International Centre for Prison Studies, University of Essex; Walmsley, R., ‘World Female Imprisonment List’, 2nd edn, International Centre for Prison Studies, University of Essex.
163
Ibid.
164
Written submission by The Osborne Association’s New York Initiative for Children of Incarcerated Parents and The Committee for Hispanic Children and Families, Inc., cited in Robertson, O., ‘Collateral Convicts: Children of Incarcerated Parents’, Quaker United Nations Office, Human Rights and Refugees Publications, p. 11.
165
Newell, D. A., ‘Risk and Protective Factors for Secondary Girls of Incarcerated Parents’,
Family Court Review
, vol. 50, issue 1, p. 107, January 2012, cited in Robertson, O., ‘Collateral Convicts: Children of Incarcerated Parents’.
166
Written submission by National Resource Center on Children and Families of the Incarcerated, cited in Robertson, O., ‘Collateral Convicts: Children of Incarcerated Parents’.
167
Written submission by Action for Children and Youth Aotearoa, cited in Robertson, O., ‘Collateral Convicts: Children of Incarcerated Parents’.
168
Eurochips website, cited in Robertson, O., ‘Collateral Convicts: Children of Incarcerated Parents’.
169
Bromley Briefings, Prison Reform Trust, November 2012.
170
Wermink, H. et al., ‘Comparing the Effects of Community Service and Short-term Imprisonment on Recidivism: A Matched Samples Approach’,
Journal of Experimental Criminology
, 19 June 2010.
171
Kerman, P., ‘For women, a second sentence’,
New York Times
online, 13 August 2013.
172
Matheson, F. et al., ‘Women Offender Substance Abuse Programming and Community Reintegration’, Corrections Service Canada, March 2008.
173
Carlen, P., ‘Women’s Imprisonment: An Introduction to the Bangkok Rules’,
Revista Critica Penal y Poder
, University of Barcelona, no. 3, 2012.
174
Hansard HC, 17 January 2011, c. 653w.
175
House of Commons Justice Committee, ‘Women Offenders: After the Corston Report’; Second Report of Session 2013–14, vol. 1, p. 51.
176
Ibid., p. 55.
177
HM Government, PSA Delivery Agreement 24, October 2007.
178
House of Commons Justice Committee, ‘Women Offenders: After the Corston Report’; Second Report of Session 2013–14, vol. 1.