Stalin's General (52 page)

37
K. Meretskov,
Serving the People
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), pp. 122–27;
Na Priyome u Stalina
, p. 322.

  1
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, pp. 379–80.

  2
Russkii Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina, 1941–1945
, vol. 13 (1), Prikazy Narodnogo Komissara Oborony SSSR, 1937–41, Iunya 1941g (Moscow: Terra, 1994), doc. 108.

  3
On Soviet-German relations in 1939–1941, see G. Roberts,
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
(London: Yale University Press, 2006), chap. 2.

  4
The available Soviet military intelligence reports are collected in:
Voennaya Razvedka Informiruet: Dokumenty Razvedypravleniya Krasnoi Armii, 1939–1941
(Moscow: Demokratiya, 2008).

  5
Ibid., docs. 7.13, 7.22, 7.33, 7.38, 7.47, 7.57, 7.65, 7.82.

  6
E. Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945
(London: Hodder Arnold, 2005), pp. 33–34.

  7
1941 God
, vol. 1, docs. 273–74, vol. 2, doc. 549. D. M. Glantz,
Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), pp. 100–101; E. Mawdsley, “Crossing the Rubicon: Soviet Plans for Offensive War in 1940–1941,”
International History Review
, December 2003; M. Mel'tukhov,
Upushchennyi Shans Stalina
(Moscow: Veche, 2000), pp. 347–48.

  8
1941 God
, vol. 1, doc. 315. Note: the text of the March plan as published is incomplete.

  9
Ibid., vol. 2, doc. 473.

10
A. Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(London: Pan, 1965), p. 132.

11
See: J. Forster and E. Mawdsley, “Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa,”
War in History
, vol. 11, no. 1, 2006.

12
Mawdsley, “Crossing the Rubicon,” p. 838.

13
1941 God
, vol. 2, docs. 481–83; L. Rotundo, “Stalin and the Outbreak of War in 1941,”
Journal of Contemporary History
, vol. 24, 1989, p. 283.

14
Mawdsley, “Crossing the Rubicon.”

15
Na Priyome u Stalina
(Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2008), pp. 334–35.

16
Voennaya Razvedka
, docs. 7.90, 7.91, 7.95, 7.97, 7.98, 7.104.

17
G. Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia
(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 287–93.

18
Voennaya Razvedka
, doc. 7.107.

19
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, p. 276.

20
In relation to Stalin and June 22, 1941, see: Gorodetsky,
Grand Delusion
, and Roberts,
Stalin's Wars
.

21
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, p. 277.

22
On the timing of Zhukov and Timoshenko's meetings with Stalin on June 21/22, see
Na Priyome u Stalina
, pp. 337–38.

23
A translation of the text of the three directives may be found in D. M. Glantz,
Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia, 1941
(Stroud, U.K.: Tempus, 2001), pp. 242–43.

24
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, pp. 284–85.

25
I. K. Bagramyan,
Tak Shli My k Pobede
(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1988), p. 65.

26
Na Priyome u Stalina
, p. 339. In his memoirs Zhukov recalled that he arrived in Moscow late in the evening of June 26 and went directly to Stalin's office (Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, p. 305). According to Stalin's appointments diary he was there between four and five and again between nine and ten.

27
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, p. 309. Stalin's appointments diary confirms that he was absent from his own office that day.

28
A. Mikoyan,
Tak Bylo
(Moscow: Vargrius, 1999), p. 390.

29
The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov
(London: Jonathan Cape, 1971), p. 268.

30
Russkii Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina, 1941–1945
, vol. 16 (1), Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god (Moscow: Terra, 1996), doc. 41.

31
1941 God
, vol. 2, doc. 635.

32
Organy Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine
, vol. 2, book 1 (Moscow: Rus', 2000), docs. 379, 436, 437, 438.

33
G. Jukes, “Meretskov,” in H. Shukman (ed.),
Stalin's Generals
(London: Phoenix, 1997).

34
See
Organy Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti
, docs. 293, 306, 384, 413, 424, 490, 550.

35
A number of these directives may be found in vol. 16 (1), Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god.

36
Ibid., docs. 115, 117. A number of other conversations are reproduced by Zhukov in his memoirs.

37
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god, doc. 101.

38
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, pp. 379–80.

39
RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 54, L. 57.

40
Na Priyome u Stalina
, pp. 343–45.

41
Russkii Arkhiv
, vol. 13 (2), Prikazy Narodnogo Komissara Oborony SSSR, 22 Iunya 1941g–1942g, doc. 36.

42
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god, doc. 168.

43
Ibid., doc. 10, p. 361.

44
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god, doc. 255.

45
Cited by A. M. Vasilevsky,
A Lifelong Cause
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1981), p. 110.

46
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god, doc. 280.

47
Ibid., doc. 130.

48
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, p. 383.

49
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god, doc. 15, pp. 365–66.

50
H. C. Cassidy,
Moscow Dateline
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), p. 123. For Werth's account of the visit, see A. Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(London: Pan, 1965), pp. 188–95.

51
Cited by Glantz,
Barbarossa
, pp. 90–91.

52
Cited by V. Krasnov,
Zhukov: Marshal Velikoi Imperii
(Moscow: Olma-Press, 2000), pp. 210–12.

53
Zhukov,
Vospominaniya
, vol. 1, pp. 304–5.

54
RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 17, Ll. 1–50. This fifty-page typescript, entitled “Nachal'nyi Period Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny” (The Initial Period of the Great Patriotic War), is a variant chapter of his memoirs. The citations are from pp. 38–41 of the document. This file contains a number of such documents, including several handwritten fragments.

55
Ibid., p. 265.

  1
Na Priyome u Stalina
(Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2008), pp. 614–15.

  2
The summary of Zhukov's view of Stalin is drawn from Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, chap. 11. When the Soviet regime came to an end, this
chapter was more than a little embarrassing for his publishers, who wanted to present Zhukov as an anti-Stalinist, so they began adding an editorial note pointing out that Zhukov's treatment of Stalin was in accordance with the “spirit of the times” (Zhukov,
Vospominaniya
, vol. 2, p. 73).

  3
See, for example, “Korotko o Staline,”
Pravda
, January 20, 1989.

  4
Russkii Arkhiv: Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina, 1941–1945
, vol. 16 (1), Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941 god (Moscow: Terra, 1996), doc. 82.

  5
Ibid., doc. 83.

  6
Cited by N. Lomagin,
Neizvestnaya Blokada
, vol. 1 (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002), p. 63.

  7
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, pp. 398–401. In another version of the story in the archives Zhukov gives the date of his meeting with Stalin as September 7 and says that Stalin asked him where he wanted to go next. He suggested Leningrad or the southwest. When Stalin decided to send him to Leningrad, Zhukov suggested Timoshenko for the Southwestern Front command. RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 54, L. 58.

  8
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 1, pp. 417–18.

  9
Na Priyome u Stalina
, p. 349.

10
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941, docs. 252, 253.

11
Extracts from the Feduninskii and Bychevskii memoirs may be found in S. Bialer,
Stalin and His Generals: Soviet Military Memoirs of World War II
(London: Souvenir Press, 1970).

12
Cited in D. M. Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), p. 76.

13
Ibid., pp. 81–82.

14
Cited by Ella Zhukova, “Interesy Ottsa,” in I. G. Aleksandrov (ed.),
Marshal Zhukov: Polkovodets i Chelovek
(Moscow: APN, 1988), pp. 54–55.

15
Glantz,
The Battle for Leningrad
, p. 83; J. Erickson, “Zhukov,” in M. Carver (ed.),
The War Lords: Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century
(Barnsley, U.K.: Pen & Sword, 2005), p. 250; E. Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941–1945
(London: Hodder Arnold, 2005), pp. 84–85; V. Beshanov,
Leningradskaya Oborona
(Minsk: Kharvest, 2006), pp. 124–25.

16
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941, doc. 339.

17
On the siege of Leningrad, see Harrison E. Salisbury's unsurpassed
The 900 Days
(New York: Harper & Row, 1969).

18
G. K. Zhukov v Bitve pod Moskvoi: Sbornik Dokumentov
(Moscow: Mosgorarkhiv, 1994), docs. 3, 5, 7, 17.

19
I. S. Konev, “Osen'u 1941 goda,” and G. K. Zhukov, “Vospominaniya Komanduushchego Frontom,” in
Bitva za Moskvu
, 3rd ed. (Moscow: Moskovskii Rabochii, 1975), pp. 55–56, 68–69. The first edition of this book was published in 1968. Before Konev's article was published the editors sent a copy to Zhukov for comment. Zhukov responded vehemently, writing to the editors that Konev's draft contained so many falsehoods, including in relation to his own appointment as commander of the Western Front, that if it was published as it stood he would withdraw his contribution
to the book (RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 77, L.8). In the event, Konev's piece was published more or less unchanged, together with Zhukov's own article.

20
K. Simonov,
Glazami Cheloveka Moego Pokoleniya
(Moscow: APN, 1989), p. 364.

21
See V. Krasnov,
Zhukov: Marshal Velikoi Imperii
(Moscow: Olma-Press, 2000), pp. 237–41. Vasilevsky's version of events falls midway between Konev's and Zhukov's: “On 9 October during a routine conversation with the Supreme Commander the decision was taken to combine the Western and Reserve Fronts into the Western Front. All of us, including Konev … agreed with Stalin's suggestion to appoint Zhukov commander of the combined front.” A. M. Vasilevsky,
A Lifelong Cause
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1981), p. 115.

22
On Konev, see: O. Rzheshevsky, “Konev,” in H. Shukman (ed.),
Stalin's Generals
(London: Phoenix, 2001) and J. Erickson, “Konev,” in Carver (ed.),
The War Lords
. Konev's memoirs were published in English as
Year of Victory
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969). The fuller version of the memoirs in Russian is: I. S. Konev,
Zapiski Komanduushchego Frontom
(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1981).

23
Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, p. 95.

24
G. K. Zhukov v Bitve pod Moskvoi
, doc. 23. On the panic in Moscow, see R. Braithwaite,
Moscow 1941
(New York: Knopf, 2006), chap. 12; A. Nagorski,
The Greatest Battle
(London: Aurum, 2007), chap. 7; and A. Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(London: Pan Books, 1965), pp. 224–33.

25
W. J. Spahr,
Zhukov: The Rise and Fall of a Great Captain
(Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1993), p. 72. One version of Ortenberg's memoir may be found in S. S. Smirnov et al. (eds.),
Marshal Zhukov: Kakim My Ego Pomnim
(Moscow: Politizdat, 1988).

26
G. K. Zhukov v Bitve pod Moskvoi
, doc. 12.

27
Stavka VGK: Dokumenty i Materialy 1941, doc. 66.

28
Ibid., doc. 32.

29
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 2, p. 31.

30
Ibid.

31
J. Stalin,
On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union
(London: Hutchinson, 1943–44), pp. 21–23.

32
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, vol. 2, p. 66.

33
G. K. Zhukov v Bitve pod Moskvoi
, doc. 37.

34
K. Rokossovsky,
A Soldier's Duty
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1970), p. 78.

35
Cited by O. P. Chaney,
Zhukov
, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), p. 179. This statement was omitted from the published edition of Rokossovsky's memoirs.

36
Ibid., pp. 85–86. In his memoirs Vasilevsky made a similar comment about Stalin during the battle of Moscow: “Stalin could be very irascible and abrasive; but even more striking was [his] concern for his subordinates at such a grave time.” Vasilevsky,
A Lifelong Cause
, p. 118.