Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension Of American Racism (96 page)
64
Michael N. Danielson,
The Politics of Exclusion
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 53, 59–61; Dorothy K. Newman et al.,
Protest, Politics, and Prosperity
(New York: Pantheon, 1978), 159.
65
Danielson,
The Politics of Exclusion,
93, 102.
66
Kenneth T. Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 224–25; Danielson,
The Politics of Exclusion,
40, 100–1.
67
Farley and Frey, “Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks During the 1980s,” 26.
68
Ian D. McMahan,
The Negro in White Suburbia
(New York: Freedom of Residence Funds, 1962), 22–24; James Hecht,
Because It Is Right
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 27.
69
Danielson,
The Politics of Exclusion,
28, citing Oliver P. Williams et al.,
Suburban Differences and Metropolitan Policies
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965), 217–19; Rosalyn Baxandall and Elizabeth Ewen,
Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened
(New York: Basic Books, 2000), 23–24; Baumgartner,
The Moral Order of a Suburb,
119–20; former Darien resident, 7/98.
70
Herbert Gans, 1/2001; Frederique Krupa, “Los Angeles: Buying the Concept of Security,” Chapter 3 of “Privatization of Public Space,” unpaginated,
translucency.com/frede/pps.html
, 1/2004.
71
Detroit suburbanite, e-mail, 6/2002; Bob Johnson, e-mail, 1/2003.
72
In 1975, two young white students, one law, one medical, committed the crime of “playing tennis without a reservation.” Violation carries a $25 fine, but “the court clerk lowered each of their fines to $5,” according to reporter Alice Love. Nevertheless, the students “stuck with their decision to pay their debt behind bars.” After some publicity, an anonymous source from Southern Methodist University paid their fines, which was a relief to the students because Highland Park also does not let prisoners have books in their cells. See Alice Love, “Students Prefer Jail Stay to $5 Fines,”
Dallas Times Herald,
10/16/1975.
73
Edward H. Sebesta, e-mail, 7/2002; “Picnicking Banned at Highland Park Park,”
Dallas Morning News,
7/2/1989; Debbie K. Solomon, “Jogging to Court,”
Dallas Times Herald
2/25/1982; Doug J. Swanson, “Official Calls HP’s Fishing Permit Illegal,”
Dallas Times Herald,
2/23/1980.
74
Camille DeRose,
The Camille DeRose Story
(Chicago: Erle Press, 1953), 169; Christopher Phillips, e-mail, 6/2000.
75
“A Northern City ‘Sitting on Lid’ of Racial Trouble,” 38–40; David L. Good,
Orvie: The Dictator of Dearborn
(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989), 40–41, 264, 386–87.
77
Reynolds Farley, Sheldon Danziger, and Harry J. Holzer,
Detroit Divided
(New York: Russell Sage, 2000), 148; Nelson,
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Negro Since 1920,
31;
Corrigan v. Buckley,
299 Fed 898 (1924) and 271 U.S. 328.
78
Palos Verdes Homes Association: “Palos Verdes Protective Restrictions” (Palos Verdes Estates: n.p., 1929), sent by Paul Wong, e-mail, 7/2003; Maryland restrictive covenant sent by Christopher Lewis, 12/2002.
79
Massey, talk at OPEN, Philadelphia, 12/2000; NAACP estimate in Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964 [1944]), 624; Margaret Marsh,
Suburban Lives
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990), 201.
80
Shelley v. Kraemer,
334 U.S. 1,1948; Charlotte Brooks, e-mail, 9/2002.
81
Hecht,
Because It Is Right,
51; Kennedy,
Jim Crow Guide,
75; St. Louis realtor quoted in Newman et al.,
Protest, Politics, and Prosperity,
151; manual quoted in Stephen G. Meyer,
As Long as They Don’t Move Next Door
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 7; cf. Lorenzo J. Greene, Gary Kremer, and Antonio Holland,
Missouri’s Black Heritage
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993), 164.
82
Hecht capitalizes “Realtor” to refer to members of the National Association of Real Estate Boards, later the National Association of Realtors. Most of my sources, oral or written, were not so precise, and neither is the public at large, so I use the generic
realtor
(uncapitalized) to mean any licensed seller of real estate.
83
Hecht,
Because It Is Right,
51; Realtors Code of Ethics quoted in Newman,
Protest, Politics, and Prosperity,
149.
84
“Barred: Non-Whites Restricted from Urban Areas by Salt Lake Realtors,”
Pittsburgh Courier,
5/20/1944.
85
“Typical Cases: Private Housing—Commercial Development,”
Connecticut Civil Rights Bulletin
1, 4 (1955): 3.
86
Benjamin R. Epstein and Arnold Foster,
“Some of My Best Friends . . .”
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1962), 117–18, 120.
87
Amy Karelus Welch, e-mail, 10/2001, relayed by Andrew B. Raker.
88
William L. Price,
Factors Influencing and Restraining the Housing Mobility of Negroes in Metropolitan Detroit
(Detroit: Urban League, c. 1955), 10, 14; Thomas Sugrue,
Origins of the Urban Crisis
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 44.
89
Don and Mary Hunt,
Hunts’ Guide to Southeast Michigan
(Waterloo, MI: Midwestern Guides, 1990), 122; Norman C. Thomas,
Rule 9: Politics, Administration, and Civil Rights
(New York: Random House, 1966), 35–36.
91
“G.P. Gets 30 Days to Ban Point System,”
Detroit News,
5/14/1960; “Klan Standards Prevail in G.P., Rabbi Charges,”
Detroit News,
5/14/1960; Joseph Wolff and Bob Popa, “Special Jewish ‘Point’ Form Described at G.P. Inquiry,”
Detroit News,
5/3/1960; Thomas,
Rule 9,
5, 61, 63, 68.
92
Kathy Cosseboom,
Grosse Pointe, Michigan
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1972), 12–13.
93
Ibid., 9, 11; Andrew Hacker, “Grand Illusion,”
New York Review of Books,
6/11/1998, 28.
94
Cosseboom,
Grosse Pointe, Michigan,
55.
95
Charles T. Clotfelter,
After Brown
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 18–19; Betty Toomes, transcript of interview (Yuma, AZ, 1963: Robert B. Powers, interviewer),
sunsite.berkeley.edu
:2020/dynaweb/teiproj/oh/warren/powers/@Generic_BookTextView/ 4030, 1/2003.
96
Former Oak Lawn resident, e-mail, 10/2002; Eric Arnesen,
Brotherhoods of Color
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 246; James Grossman, 9/2001; Robby Heason,
Trouble Behind;
female undergraduate, University of the Ozarks, 9/2002.
97
West Lawn Chamber of Commerce,
Westlawnncc.org
, 1/2003; Steve Bogira, “Hate, Chicago Style.”
98
Pinckneyville woman, 9/2002; James Rosenbaum, letter, 11/1996; female undergraduate, University of the Ozarks, 9/2002; Winston County law enforcement officer, 6/02.
99
Apparently material was added to this file as late as the late 1950s.
100
Thelma Marsh,
Moccasin Trails to the Cross,
excerpts, and Squire Grey Eyes, “Farewell to A Beloved Land,” Wyandot Nation of Kansas web site,
ku.edu/kansas/wn/8/2003
; Edwina M. DeWindt, “Wyandotte History; Negro,” typescript, 1945, in Bacon Library, Wyandotte, MI, 4.
101
DeWindt, “Wyandotte History; Negro,” 12, citing
Wyandotte, Past, Present, and Future 1854–1917,
17.
103
Ibid., 2, 15, citing
Wyandotte Herald,
8/25/1916.
105
Ibid., 24–30, quoting
Wyandotte Herald,
12/6/1935, and
Wyandotte Daily News,
12/4/1935; Kristina Baumli, e-mail, 6/2000.
106
“For White Men Only,” Fairmont, WV,
Free Press,
12/7/1905.
107
Brownsburg source wishes to remain anonymous, e-mail, 11/2002.
108
LaSalle-Peru native, e-mail, 1/2004; Sanderson,
County Scott and Its Mountain Folk,
186.
109
“Marlow’s ‘Unwritten Law’ Against Race Causes Two Deaths,”
Pittsburgh Courier,
12/29/1923; Almarion Hollingsworth, 2/2004. The
Courier
misspelled Berch’s name, which I corrected. Berch had also organized and circulated a petition requesting an anti-Klan law prohibiting masks, requiring secret organizations to file membership lists, etc., that may have contributed to the enmity against him. See Berch, “Initiative Petition #83,” supplied by Hollingsworth, and “Klan Murder Says Wife,” in the political tabloid
Jack Walton’s Paper,
1/6/1924.
110
“Farmer Shot to Death Near Lamb, Hardin Co.,”
Golconda
(IL)
Herald-Enterprise,
11/2/1922.
111
Kennedy,
Jim Crow Guide,
82; J.D. Mullane, “Still a Long Way to Go,”
Bucks County Courier Times,
phillyburbs.com/millmag/race.shtml
, 7/2002; Daisy Myers, “Breaking Down Barriers,”
Pennsylvania Heritage
28, 3 (2002): 11.
112
Reynolds Farley and William H. Frey, “Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks During the 1980s,”
American Sociological Review
59, 1 (1994): 24–25; Jodi Becker, “Chicago Matters,” on Chicago Public Radio, c. 2002; Meyer,
As Long as They Don’t Move Next Door,
6; Kennedy,
Jim Crow Guide,
82.
113
“For White Men Only,” Fairmont (WV)
Free Press,
12/7/1905; Sanderson,
County Scott and Its Mountain Folk,
186; Bogira, “Hate, Chicago Style”; Arnold Hirsch,
Making the Second Ghetto
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1093), 41.
114
Hirsch,
Making the Second Ghetto,
63; Hecht,
Because It Is Right,
201, 204–5.
115
Meyer,
As Long as They Don’t Move Next Door,
76–77; Kristina Baumli, e-mail, 8/2001; Baxandall and Ewen,
Picture Windows,
30.
116
Meyer,
As Long as They Don’t Move Next Door,
219; Kennedy,
Jim Crow Guide,
82.
117
Thornbrough,
The Negro in Indiana,
224; Emma Lou Thornbrough,
Indiana Blacks in the Twentieth Century,
edited and with final chapter by Lana Ruegamer (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 2–3.
118
Reprinted as “County Press Pays High Tribute to a Former Slave,”
Rogers Daily News
(?), 7/1/1950. In a 2001 brochure on “Cultural Diversity in Benton County” the Rogers Historical Museum agrees that the statement was a warning, not just a joke.
119
Idaho statewide may not be more racist than, say, Montana or Oregon, but it has collected several extremist white power groups that have given it that reputation, deserved or not.
120
White woman at Richland Community College, 10/2001; Clayton Cramer, e-mail, 6/2000.
121
Farley, Danziger, and Holzer,
Detroit Divided,
186–87, 193.
122
I do not have independent confirmation of the local historian’s stories, but he seems a thoughtful source to me. Even if exaggerated, the stories show that Tamaroa’s reputation for violence toward African Americans is well known.
123
Pinckneyville historian, 9/2002; Du Quoin woman, 9/2002.
124
In the Ozarks, it was “nigger flipper”—yet many Ozarks youth never saw a black person until after they were grown, since most of the region had driven out its African American population.
125
Harris,
Profiles in Injustice,
102.
126
Woman at Mattoon, 10/2002.
127
Leftridge quoted in Arnesen,
Brotherhoods of Color,
245; June Rosland, 4/2002.
128
Michael Dougan,
Arkansas Odyssey
(Little Rock: Rose Publishing, 1994), 318; Nick Khan, 9/2002.
CHAPTER 10: EXCEPTIONS TO THE SUNDOWN RULE