Authors: Joanna Blythman
‘“For the food enzyme industry, all of nature is a chemistry set”’: Andrew Whitley,
Bread Matters
, Fourth Estate, 2009, p. 17
Capacities of up to 150,000 litres: EUFIC, Modern Biotechnology in Food, Applications of food biotechnology: enzymes, http://www.eufic.org/article/en/rid/modern-biotechnology-food-enzymes/
‘“Details of components used in industrial-scale fermentation broths for enzyme production are not readily obtained”’:
ibid
Likely ingredients include waste materials and by-products from the food and agricultural industries:
ibid
‘“Safety assurance has a short shelf life”’: Andrew Whitley,
Bread Matters
, Fourth Estate, 2009, p. 14
‘The research team made a point of noting’: European Commission, Collection of information on enzymes, 2.2 Terms of reference, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/dansub/pdfs/enzymerepcomplete.pdf
Safety of enzymes: Safety and regulatory aspects of enzyme use, Enzyme Technology: Enzymes in the fruit juice, wine, brewing and distilling industries,
Enzyme Technology
, Available at: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/index.html
European Commission, Collection of information on enzymes 11.2.5/6.7.3, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/dansub/pdfs/enzymerepcomplete.pdf
‘20 per cent of its allergenicity can survive in the crusts of bread’: Sander, I., Raulf-Heimsoth, M., Van Kampen, V., Baur, X (2000) ‘Is fungal amylase in bread and allergen?’
Clin Exp Allergy
, 200 April:30(4):560–5 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10718854
‘It can generate the part of the epitope [part of molecule] responsible for coeliac disease’: Gerrard J., & Sutton K. (2005) ‘Addition of transglutaminase to cereal products may generate the epitope responsible for coeliac disease’,
Trends Food Sci Technol
16, 510–512, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/240425204_Addition_of_transglutaminase_to_cereal_products_may_generate_the_epitope_responsible_for_coeliac_disease
‘The concept of acceptable risk’: EUFIC, Enzymes make clean green food, http://www.eufic.org/article/en/artid/enymes-clean-green-food/
Chapter 13
‘Over 80 additives that have a preservative effect are approved in Europe’: Using preservatives, FAIA, http://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/ch2p5-3.htm
‘Many of them are just “synthetic copies of the natural [preservative] products that are present in nature”’:
ibid
‘Such preservatives are … “quite chemical in nature”’: Wayne Morley of Leatherhead Food Research, ‘Preservative perceptions; Consumer demand for natural is serious, but challenges remain’,
Food Navigator
, 3 December 2013, http://www.foodnavigator.com/Science-Nutrition/Preservative-perceptions-Consumer-demand-for-natural-is-serious-but-challenges-remain
‘The additive industry itself admits that sulphites … can trigger breathing difficulties’: Preservatives to keep food longer – and safer, http://www.eufic.org/article/en/food-safety-quality/food-additives/artid/preservatives-food-longer-safer/
‘Consumption of the preservative sodium benzoate … could be linked to increased hyperactivity’: Food colours and hyperactivity, https://www.food.gov.uk/science/additives/foodcolours
‘Nitrosamines, which are potent carcinogens’: R. A. Winter,
Consumer’s Dictionary of Food Additives
(7th edn), Random House, 2009, pp. 382–385.
Difference between vitamin C and ascorbic acid: Natural Whole Food Vitamins: Ascorbic Acid Is Not Vitamin C, The
Doctor Within
, http://www.thedoctorwithin.com/vitaminc/ascorbic-acid-is-not-vitamin-c/
‘Ascorbic acid is made industrially … by the fermentation of GM corn’: Going non-GMO in dietary supplements, ‘The supply community is not there with us yet’, say manufacturers, Nutra ingredients-USA.com, 5 June 2013, http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Markets/Going-non-GMO-in-dietary-supplements-The-supply-community-is-not-there-with-us-yet-say-manufacturers
‘Synthetic vitamins are not as well absorbed in the body as natural ones’: ‘The Truth About Vitamins in Nutritional Supplements’, Doctor’s Research, http://www.doctorsresearch.com/articles4.html
‘An ingredient in embalming fluid and jet fuel’: Wikipedia, Butylated hydroxytoluene, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene
‘A common component of rubber and petroleum products’: Wikipedia, Butylated hydroxyanisole, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butylated_hydroxyanisole
‘Which finds another purpose in the making of varnish’: Wikipedia, tert-Butylhydroquinone, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butylhydroquinone
EUFIC functions as a food industry lobby group: http://www.powerbase.info/index.php/European_Food_Information_Council
‘Under the tabloid-style headline “Kitchen sink squalor”’: NHS Choices, Food and hygiene facts, http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/homehygiene/Pages/food-and-home-hygiene-facts.aspx
‘A factory is what we call a hygienic, efficient place’: @123db_GEEK retweeted by @retailmentoring, 31 May 2014
‘The profitability is directly impacted in a positive direction’: PLT Health Solutions, Shelf Life Extension, http://www.plthealth.com/food-beverage/shelf-life-extension
‘There are no improvements … that will … increase your bottom line as much as shelf life extension’: Gillco Ingredients, Extend Shelf Life, http://www.gillco.com/idea_shelf-life.php
Small firms pressured to use longer shelf-life dates,
Food Manufacture
, 24 July 2013, http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Food-Safety/Small-meat-firms-pressured-to-use-longer-shelf-life-dates
‘Often in tandem with modified atmosphere packaging’: http://www.modifiedatmospherepackaging.com
‘Now foods packaged using MAP must be labelled’: Chilled Food Association, Modified Atmosphere Packaging and vitamin levels in salads, http://www.chilledfood.org/MEDIA/POSITION+STATEMENTS/modified-atmosphere-packaging-map-and-vitamin-levels-in-salads-
MAP and pre-baked pitta breads: Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Bread Products, http://modifiedatmospherepackaging.com/Applications/Modified-atmosphere-packaging-bread-products
‘Some bakery goods can be given a shelf life of up to 6 months’:
ibid
‘MAP can add 5 or 6 days to the shelf life of a sandwich’: Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Prepared Foods and Ready Meals, http://modifiedatmospherepackaging.com/Applications/Modified-atmosphere-packaging-ready-meals
Use-by date extension of ready meal using MAP:
ibid
Oxidative warmed-over flavour:
ibid
WOF: Warmed-over flavor a processing challenge, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100074391.html
MAP and ‘case ready’ meat: Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh Meat; http://www.modifiedatmospherepackaging.com/Applications/Modified-atmosphere-packaging-fresh-meat.aspx
Lamb sent frozen from New Zealand: ITN
Tonight
, July 2014
Dansensor: Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Modified Atmosphere Packaging – gain extended food shelf life, http://modifiedatmospherepackaging.com/QC-QA-of-Modified-Atmosphere-Packaging-for-extended-food-shelf-life
What scientists refer to as ‘wounded’ tissues: Porta, R.
et al
., Edible Coating as Packaging Strategy to Extend the Shelf-life of Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables, J Biotechnol Biomater (2013); 3:e124. doi: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000e124, http://omicsonline.org/open-access/edible-coating-as-packaging-strategy-to-extend-the-shelflife-of-freshcut-fruits-and-vegetables-2155-952X-3-e124.php?aid=22423#5
‘Prepared vegetable suppliers can add up to 8 days to the use-by date of salad leaves’: Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, http://modifiedatmospherepackaging.com/Applications/Modified-atmosphere-packaging-fruit-vegetables
‘A Jacuzzi-style wash tank’: Agricoat, NatureSeal FS product brochure
‘Fruit acids … are often also included in the mix’: Chilled Food Association, Produce washing, http://www.chilledfood.org/MEDIA/POSITION+STATEMENTS/produce-washing-
NatureSeal FS: Agricoat, NatureSeal FS product brochure
Edible films and coatings: Valencia-Chamorro, S. A.,
et al
., ‘Antimicrobial edible films and coatings for fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables’: a review,
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
(2011); 51: 872–900, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888536
eatFresh-FC and Grow Green Industries: ‘The Safe, Healthy Solution For Kitchens, Schools And More’, http://eatcleaner.com/commercial
Edible coating technologies for pre- and post-harvest protection: Agricoat, NatureSeal FS product brochure
Semperfresh:
ibid
‘Known in the food preservation business as “smart” or “intelligent’ films”: FDA, Food, Chapter VI. Microbiological Safety of Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Section 1.3 Films used in MAP, http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091368.htm
‘“Can provide a food with a safe product lifetime of as long as two weeks”’: No need to get browned off – edible films keep fruit fresh, David Tribe;
The Conversation
, 2 September 2013, http://theconversation.com/no-need-to-get-browned-off-edible-films-keep-fruit-fresh-18150
‘A new edible and cook-able meat coating’: MeatCoat, http://www.uecbv.eu/doc/MEATCOAT%20article%20-04.06.2013.pdf
MeatCoat cost: Edible ‘meat coat’ promises to extend shelf life by three days,
The Grocer
, 8 June 2014, http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/fmcg/fresh/edible-meat-coat-promises-to-extend-shelf-life/358202.article
‘Carriers for a wide range of artificial additives’: Maftoonazad N. I. and Badii F., ‘Use of edible films and coatings to extend the shelf life of food products’,
Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric
(2009); 1: 162–170, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20653537
‘A WOF in a 9-day-old treated pork patty is reduced’: ‘Fighting Warmed-Over Flavor’;
Food Product Design
: Foodservice Focus – November 2000, http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/2000/11/food-product-design-foodservice-focus-november.aspx
XFresh: Zeelandia: Prolong shelf life and improve freshness with these enzyme-based fresheners for cakes, http://www.zeelandia.com/innovation/end-product-performance/freshness-and-shelf-life/xfresh
Verdad F41: Corbion Purac product brochure, http://www.purac.com/EN/Food/Markets/Meat_poultry_and_fish/Clean-label-solutions/Verdad-F.aspx
NaturFORT and Fortium: Kemin product brochure
BioVia™ YM 10: Danisco, The power of ‘natural’, http://cdn.danisco.com/fileadmin/user_upload/danisco/documents/biovia-brochure.pdf
Ecoprol 2002: Somerex product brochure
‘“A disaster waiting to happen”’: Marty Mitchell of the Refrigerated Foods Association, ‘Chilled foods minus synthetic preservatives: A “natural” disaster waiting to happen?’
Food Navigator
, 28 April 2011, http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/R-D/Chilled-foods-minus-synthetic-preservatives-A-natural-disaster-waiting-to-happen
‘The food scientist Dr Robert L. Shewfelt coined the term “fresh-like”’: Shewfelt R. L., ‘Quality of minimally processed fruits and vegetables’,
J Food Qual
(1987); 10: 143–156
Chapter 14
Tweet to Asda: @Dastardly_Pants, 26 April 2014, pic.twitter.com/Bh1zcZk6Tc
Bubble pads: Sirane, Dri-Fresh® Soft-Hold™ absorbent cushion pads for fruit, http://www.sirane.com/food-packaging-products/dri-fresh/dri-fresh®-soft-hold™-absorbent-cushion-pads-for-soft-fruit.html
‘They provide an ‘anti-fog’ effect’: 21 CFR 178.3130 – ‘Antistatic and/or anti-fogging agents in food-packaging materials’, Legal Information Unit, Cornell University Law School, http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/178.3130
LiquiGlide: ‘LiquiGlide gives foods the slip to reduce waste’,
Packaging Digest
, 25 February 2013, http://www.packagingdigest.com/food-packaging/liquiglide-gives-foods-slip-reduce-waste
‘Mayonnaise dispensers treated with [LiquGlide]’: ‘LiquiGlide’s coatings to hit shelves in 2015’,
Food Production Daily
, 27 February 2014, http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Packaging/LiquiGlide-s-coatings-to-hit-shelves-in-2015
‘Composed of no fewer than seven microscopically thin plastic layers’: ‘New high oxygen and water barrier multilayer film patented’,
Food Packaging
, 29 May 2014, http://www.packagingdigest.com/food-packaging/new-high-oxygen-and-water-barrier-multilayer-film-patented140529; http://www.freshpatents.com/-dt20140515ptan20140134446.php
Concerns over non-stick: ‘Nervous about non-stick?’
Good Housekeeping
, http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/cooking-tools/cookware-reviews/nonstick-cookware-safety-facts