6.
For
a summary of the full significance of the action, see J. Thomas Scharf,
History
of the Confederate States Navy,
368-69.
7.
Daniel
Ammen,
The Atlantic Coast,
11-13;
Nicolay & Hay, Vol. V, 11-14; N.O.R., Vol. XII, 198-201.
8.
Welles
to Du Pont, Oct. 12, 1861, in N.O.R., Vol. XII, 214-15. The Naval Board had
named Port Royal as one of three or four eligible places for occupation, and
had quite strongly recom
mended
Fernandina, Florida, as the likeliest spot. After receiving his appointment, Du
Pont exercised the discretion which had been given him and chose Port Royal.
(Report of Flag Officer Du Pont, Nov. 6, 1861, in N.O.R., Vol. XII, 259-261.
9. James
H. Wilson,
Under the Old Flag,
Vol.
I, 68-69. It'
should be noted that Gen. T. W. Sherman was not related to the
better-known Gen. William T. Sherman.
10. Nicolay &
Hay, Vol. V, 15; Basler, Vol. IV, 527-28.
11.
McClellan
to Assistant Secretary of War Scott, Oct. 17, 1861, in O.R., Vol. VI, 179.
McClellan either withdrew his objection or was overruled; the 79th New York
did go south with Sherman.
12.
Du Pont's
report, N.O.R., Vol. XII, 259-61; Ammen,
The
Atlantic Coast,
13-18; also Ammen's
Du
Pont and the Port Royal Expedition
in B.
& L., Vol. I, 674.
13.
Letter of
John Rodgers, in Moore's
Rebellion
Record,
Vol. Ill, Documents,
112; Ammen,
The Atlantic Coast,
23-24.
14.
Reminiscences
of Francis T. Chew, in the Southern Historical Collection, University of North
Carolina Library.
15.
Du Pont,
in N.O.R., Vol. XII, 262-65; Moore's
Rebellion
Record,
Vol. Ill, Documents,
304, 318; report of Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Drayton, C.S.A., in O.R., Vol. VI,
8-9; John Call Dalton,
The Battle of Port
Royal,
56.
16.
Report of
Commander Percival Drayton, U.S.N., (brother of the Confederate general who
commanded Fort Walker), in N.O.R., Vol. XII, 272; Ammen,
The
Atlantic Coast,
29-30, 33-35, 40.
17.
Sherman's
report, O.R., Vol. VI, 3-4; letter of Du Pont to G. D. Morgan, dated Dec. 24,
1861, in the Gustavus V. Fox Correspondence, Box I, 1861, the New York
Historical Society; letter of Du Pont to S. H. Shaw of Boston, dated Dec. 30,
1861, in Miscellaneous Papers XXI, Massachusetts Historical Society.
18. O.R., Vol. VI,
4-5.
19. Letter of Mrs.
E. C. Anderson, Jr., dated at Savannah,
Nov. 9, 1861, in the Wayne-Stites-Anderson Papers, Georgia His-
torical Society.
4.
"We Are Not Able to Meet It"
1. Lee's Nov. 9
report, N.O.R., Vol. XII, 299-300; letter of Lee to Governor Pickens, dated
Dec. 27, 1861, in the E. M. Law Papers, Southern Historical Collection,
University of North Carolina Library; letter of Lee to his daughter Mildred
dated Nov.
15, in Robert E. Lee, Jr.,
Recollections
and Letters of Gen. Robert E. Lee,
55.
2. For a detailed examination of Lee's
problems and con-
clusions, see Freeman,
Lee,
Vol.
I, 609-13.
3.
Gen.
Sherman's testimony, C.C.W., 1863, Part III, 294.
4.
James
H. Wilson,
Under the Old Flag,
Vol.
I, 71.
5. Lee to Adjutant General Cooper, Jan.
8, 1862, O.R., Vol.
VI, 367; Bragg to Jefferson Davis, Oct. 22, 1861, letter in the
Palmer Collection, Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland.
6. Editorial in the Richmond
Examiner
for Nov. 23, 1861.
7. D.A.B., Vol. XX, 216-17. Gideon
Welles wrote that Wilkes
was "ambitious, self-conceited and self-willed," and said: "He
has
abilities but not sound judgment, and is not always subordinate,
though he is himself severe and exacting towards his subordinates."
(Diary of Gideon Welles,
Vol.
I, 87.)
8. N.O.R., Series Two, Vol. m,
257-64.
9. Ibid, Series One, Vol. I, 148;
Thomas L. Harris,
The Trent
Affair, Including a Review of English and American Relations at
the Beginning of the Civil War,
19.
10. Mrs.
Chesnut's Diary, 160.
11.
N.O.R.,
Vol. I, 154-57, 159; O.R., Series Two, Vol. II, 1107; Theodore Martin,
The
Life of His Royal Highness, the Prince Consort,
Vol.
V, 347-48; Thornton Kirkland Lothrop,
William
Henry Seward,
323.
12.
Charles
Francis Adams, Jr.,
Charles Francis
Adams,
211-218. For a good
account of the receipt of the news at the American Legation see
The
Journal of Benjamin Moran,
Vol. II,
913-15.
13.
Charles
Francis Adams, Jr., op. cit., 231-32; letter of Henry Adams dated Nov. 30,
1861, in
A Cycle of Adams
Letters,
Vol. I, 75-76; letter
of Charles Francis Adams, dated Dec. 20, 1861, in the same, 88-89.
14.
Lothrop,
op. cit., 326-28. In McClellan's
Own Story,
175, McClellan refers to the meeting
with Seward thus: "Today is not to be a day of rest for me. This
unfortunate affair of Mason and Slidell has come up, and I shall be obliged to
devote the day to endeavoring to get our government to take the only prompt and
honorable course of avoiding a war with France and England." In a part of
this letter omitted from the printed version, McClellan wrote of Seward:
"It is a terrible dispensation of Providence that so weak and cowardly a
thing as that should now control our foreign relations—the Presdt is not much
better, except that he is
honest
and means well." (Letter to Mrs. McClellan, dated Nov. 17, 1861, in the
McClellan Letterbook, Library of Congress.)
15. Wilkes set forth
his argument in a letter to Secretary Welles
dated Nov. 16, 1861, in N.O.R., Vol. I, 143-45. See also Adams
to Seward dated Nov. 29, 1861, in O.R., Series Two, Vol. JJ,
1106.
16. Theodore Martin, op. cit., 349-52.
17.
Ibid.,
350; Spencer Walpole,
The Life of Lord John
Russell,
Vol. II, 346-47; W.
H. Russell,
My Diary North and
South,
217.
18.
John Bigelow,
Retrospections of an Active Life,
Vol.
I, 387-90; letter of Scott to Seward dated Dec. 26, 1861, in the William H.
Seward collection, Rush Rhees Library, Rochester University.
19.
General
Horace Porter,
Campaigning with
Grant,
408-9; Benson J. Lossing,
Pictorial
History of the Civil War in the United States of America,
Vol.
II, 156, citing a conversation Lossing had with Lincoln early in December 1861;
The Diary of Edward Bates,
Vol.
I, 177-89, 194-95;
Journal of Benjamin
Moran,
Vol. II, 939-40.
20.
Letter
from Lee to George Washington Custis Lee, dated Dec. 29, 1861, in the R. E. Lee
Papers, Manuscript Department, Duke University Library.
5.
Revolutionary
Struggle
1.
Varina
Howell Davis,
Jefferson Davis,
Vol.
I, 165; Richmond
Examiner,
issues
of Nov. 29 and Nov. 30, 1861.
2.
O.R.,
Series Three, Vol. I, 775; Series Four, Vol. I, 822; Diary of Thomas Bragg,
entry for Dec. 6, 1861, in the Southern Historical Collection, University of
North Carolina Library.
3.
Journal
of the Congress of the Confederate States,
Vol.
I, 467-69, 472.
4.
Diary
of Thomas Bragg, entries for Nov. 30, Dec. 6, Dec.
7,
and Dec. 17, 1861;
also O.R., Vol. LIII, 759, 761-63.
5.
Charles
Francis Adams to his son, letter dated Jan. 10, 1862, in
A
Cycle of Adams Letters,
Vol. I, 99.
6.
Letter
of R. E. Lee to Gov. John Letcher, dated Dec. 26, 1861, in Southern Historical
Society Papers, Vol. I, No. 6, 462.
7.
Letter
to Porcher Miles from Brig. Gen. John S. Preston, written in November or December
1864, in O.R., Series Four, Vol. Ill, 883.
8.
Fremont
gave up his command Nov. 2, 1861. For the order relieving him, and Lincoln's
general instructions to his successor, see O.R., Vol. Ill, 553-54. At the time
he was relieved, Fremont
was in southwestern
Missouri groping unsuccessfully toward an encounter with Sterling Price's
army, which was not at all where Fremont supposed it to be; the circumstances
are set forth in this writer's
This
Hallowed Ground,
65-66. For the
original and revised versions of the paragraph in Cameron's report dealing
with slaves, see A. K. McClure,
Abraham
Lincoln and Men
of
War Times,
148-49.
9. The full text of
Lincoln's message to Congress is in Basler,
Vol. V, 35-53. It is interesting to study Lincoln's earlier explora-
tion of the significance of a free labor system and the relation-
ship between labor and capital in speeches he made at Cincinnati
and Milwaukee in the fall of 1859; they are in Basler, Vol. Ill,
459, 477-78.
10. Diary of Edward Bates, 217; entry
for Dec. 31, 1861.
11. David Davis Papers, Illinois State
Historical Library, letter
of Joseph Casey dated Dec. 11, 1861.
6.
The Want
of
Success
1. New York
Tribune
for Dec. 31, 1861.
2.
Diary
of Fanny Seward, entry for Jan. 1, 1862, in the William H. Seward Collection,
Rush Rhees Library, Rochester University; the
Diary
of
Edward Bates,
244;
Theodore Calvin Pease and James G. Randall, eds.,
The
Diary
of
Orville Browning,
Vol.
I, 521.
3.
Russell,
My
Diary North and South,
205. McClellan's
famous snub to Lincoln is detailed in John Hay,
Lincoln
and the Civil War, in the Diaries and Letters
of
John Hay
34-35.
4. O.R., Vol. VII, 524, 526.
5.
J.
W. Schuckers,
The
Life
and Public Services
of
Salmon Portland Chase,
445-46;
J. G. Barnard,
The Peninsular
Campaign and its Antecedents, as Developed
by
the Report
of
Maj.
Gen. George B. McClellan and Other Published Documents,
51-52,
54.
6.
Congressional
Globe,
37th Congress, Second
Session, Part One, 194, 200, 206.
7.
Ibid,
440-41.
8.
Basler,
Vol. V, 98-99; O.R., Vol. VII, 533.
9. These odd meetings are described
in a memorandum
by
General McDowell, printed in Henry J.
Raymond,
The
Life
and
Public Services
of
Abraham Lincoln,
772-77.
See also Gen. Meigs,
The Relations
of
President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton to the
Military Commanders in the Civil War,
American
Historical Re-
view, Vol. XXVI, No. Two, 292-93; Meigs' Pocket Diaries, Li-
brary of Congress; Gen. W. B. Franklin,
The First
Great Crime of the War,
Annals of the War,
73-78; McClellan's
Own Story,
155-58.
Lincoln to Halleck and Buell is in Basler, Vol. V, 98-99, as cited in Note 8,
above.
10. Diary of Thomas
Bragg, entries for Jan. 14, Jan. 17 and
Jan 21, 1862.
11. O.R., Vol. VJJI,
508.
12. O.R., Vol. VTI,
820; Johnston to Gov. Isham Harris, Dec.
25, 1861, in Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. IV. No.
Four, 185-87.
13. O.R., Series Two,
Vol. II, 1169, 1191, 1192.
Chapter
Three:
THE MILITARY PARADOX
1.
Decision in Kentucky
1.
Brig.
Gen. J. W. Bishop, "The Mill Springs Campaign," in
Glimpses
of the Nation's Struggle,
Second
Series, 77-78.
2.
There
is a good account of this battle—Somerset, Beech Grove, Logan's Cross Roads,
Mill Springs, or Fishing Creek—in Stanley Horn,
The
Army of Tennessee,
68-70, and in R. M.
Kelly,
Holding Kentucky for
the Union,
in B. & L., Vol.
I, 387-91. In February, Secretary of War Judah Benjamin wrote that "rumors
industriously circulated to the prejudice of General Crittenden by the first
fugitives from the battlefield are now believed to have been without
foundation." (O.R., Series Four, Vol. I, 961).
3.
Landon
C. Haynes to Jefferson Davis, Jan. 29, 1862, in O.R., Vol. VII, 849. Crittenden
listed his battle casualties at 533 killed, wounded, and missing. (Ibid., 108).
4. O.R., Vol. VII, 102.
5.
Journal
of a Trip to Washington in 1862,
by R. H.
Dana, Jr., in the Dana Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Albert
Gallatin Riddle,
Recollections of War
Times,
179-80.
6.
There
is an extensive survey of Cameron's regime in A. Howard Meneely,
The
War Department, 1861.
See especially
252-79.
7.
Diaries
of Fanny Seward, Rush Rhees Library, Rochester University; note dictated by
Charles A. Dana in the Ida M. Tar-bell Papers, Allegheny College.
8. McClellan's
Own
Story,
153; letter of McClellan to Barlow
dated Jan. 18, 1862, and letter of Barlow to Stanton dated Jan. 14, both in the
Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.
9. McClellan's
Own
Story,
151-52, 176; letter
of Barlow to
Stanton dated Dec. 11, 1861, in the Barlow Papers; letter of Ward
Hill Lamon to Gen. William Orme of Bloomington, 111., dated
Feb. 10, 1862, in the Chicago Historical Society.
10.
Dorm
Piatt,
Memories of the Men
Who Saved the Union,
57-58.
11.
War order
and supplement are in Basler, Vol. V, 111-12, 115. According to John Hay,
Lincoln prepared the order "without consultation." Gideon Welles
asserted that such an order had previously been suggested by the Navy
Department, while Congressmen Riddle and James G. Blaine credited the idea to
Stanton. (Tyler Dennett, ed.,
Lincoln
and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay, 36; Diary of Gideon
Welles,
Vol. I, 61; Riddle,
op. cit., 181; James G. Blaine,
Twenty
Years of Congress,
Vol. I, 355.)
12.
Letter of
Stanton to the Rev. H. Dyer, dated May 18, 1862, in the Stanton Papers, Library
of Congress.
13.
Letter of
McClellan to Stanton, Jan. 31, 1862, in the Robert Todd Lincoln Papers, Library
of Congress.
14.
McClellan
to Buell, Jan. 13, 1862, O.R., Vol. VII, 547; Halleck to McClellan, Jan. 20,
O.R., Vol. VIII, 508.
15.
Letters of
Scott to Stanton dated Feb. 1, Feb. 2 and Feb. 6, 1862, in the Stanton Papers,
Library of Congress.
16.
Letter of
Barlow to McClellan, dated Feb. 8, 1862, in the Barlow Papers, Huntington
Library; letter of Stanton to Scott, dated Feb. 21, and undated letter of
McClellan to Stanton, both in the Stanton Papers. From the context McClellan's
letter appears to have been written early in February.
2.
Unconditional Surrender
1.
Letter
of Laurent de Give to Blondeel van Cuelebroeck, Belgian Minister, dated Jan.
4, 1862, and forwarded to Lincoln by Seward on Jan. 18; in the Robert Todd
Lincoln Papers.
2.
William
Preston Johnston,
The Life
of
General Albert Sidney Johnston,
425-26;
Stanley Horn,
The Army
of
Tennessee,
78,
80. Buell's Jan. 23 return shows a "total present" force of 72,502,
of which he listed 41,563 as infantry present for duty and fit for the field.
(O.R., Vol. VII, 563.)
3.
Letter
of Foote to Gideon Welles dated April 27, 1862, in the Welles Papers,
Huntington Library; article in the St. Louis
Democrat,
quoted
in Moore's
Rebellion Record,
Vol.
IV, Documents, 77; Wilbur G. Crummer,
With Grant
at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Vicksburg,
21. There
is a graphic, detailed narrative of the engagement in Rear Admiral H. Walke,
Naval
Scenes and Reminiscences
of
the Civil
War in the United Slates,
53-65.
4. Buell's
message to Thomas, dated Feb. 2, 1862, O.R., Vol.
VII, 580. For his Feb. 1 message to McClellan, telling why it was
impossible to go into East Tennessee, see O.R., Vol. XVI, 26.
Halleck's anxious dispatches are in Vol. VII, 535, 586-87, 590-91,
593-95.
5. Ibid, 535, 543,
547, 575.
6.
James
Mason Hoppin,
Life
of
Andrew Hull Foote, Rear Admiral,
United States Navy,
391 ff.; letter of
Foote to Welles, cited in Footnote 3.
7.
William
Preston Johnston, op. cit., 449; The Missouri
Democrat,
in Moore's
Rebellion
Record,
Vol. IV, Documents,
179; Surgeon John H. Brinton in
The
Medical and Surgical History
of
the
War
of
the Rebellion,
Part
One, Vol. I, Appendix, 26-28. Brinton wrote that "thousands of the
soldiers were broken down" and had to be sent north to hospitals.
8.
William
Preston Johnston gives a good picture of the odd Floyd-Pillow-Buckner
relationship, op. cit., 454-55. See also Buckner's report, O.R., Vol. VII,
330-31, and Arndt M. Stickles,
Simon
Bolivar Buckner,
136-38, 151-56. There
is a good description of the fighting in Lew Wallace,
The
Capture
of
Fort Donelson,
in
B. & L., Vol. I, 398-428. Johnston's Feb. 15 telegram to Richmond,
announcing "Our forces attacked the enemy with energy and won a brilliant
victory," is in the Ryder Collection, Tufts University Library.
9.
Adam
R. Johnson,
The Partisan Rangers
of
the Confederate States Army,
67-68;
John Allan Wyeth,
That Devil Forrest,
40,
50-51.
3.
The Disease Which Brought Disaster
1.
O.R.,
Vol. VII, 418; William Preston Johnston, 495.
2. William Preston Johnston, 496-97; dispatch
to the Mobile
Tribune,
printed
in Moore's
Rebellion Record,
Vol.
IV, Docu-
ments, 211-12; Adam R. Johnson,
The
Partisan Rangers,
71-72;
dispatch from Nashville, apparently written Feb. 23, in the Rich-
mond
Dispatch
for
Feb. 27, 1862; O.R., Vol. VII, 427-28.