The 50 Worst Terrorist Attacks (50 page)

Mickolus, Edward F. “Trends in Transnational Terrorism.” In
Terrorism in the Contemporary World
, edited by Marius Livingston, 44–73. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978.

Mickolus, Edward F. “What Constitutes State Support to Terrorists?”
Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence
3, no. 1 (1989): 287–93. Reprinted in
Violence and Terrorism 91/92
, edited by Bernard Schechterman and Martin Slann. 2nd ed., 38–40. Sluice Dock, CT: Dushkin, 1991.

Mickolus, Edward, and Edward Heyman. “ITERATE: Monitoring Transnational Terrorism.” In
Behavioral and Quantitative Perspectives on Terrorism
, edited by Yonah Alexander and John M. Gleason, 153–74. New York: Pergamon, 1981.

Mickolus, Edward, Edward S. Heyman, and James Schlotter. “Responding to Terrorism: Basic and Applied Research.” In
Responding to the Terrorist Threat: Security and Crisis Management
, edited by Stephen Sloan and Richard Schultz, 174–89. New York: Pergamon, 1980.

Milbank, David L., with Edward Mickolus.
International and Transnational Terrorism: Diagnosis and Prognosis
. Washington, DC: U.S. Document Expediting Project, Library of Congress, April 1976.

Moghadan, Assaf. “How Al Qaeda Innovates.”
Security Studies
22, no. 3 (2013): 466–97.

Moss, David. “The Kidnapping and Murder of Aldo Moro.”
European Journal of Sociology—Great Britain
22, no. 2 (1981): 265–95.

Mudd, Philip.
Takedown: Inside the Hunt for Al Qaeda
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

Nacos, Brigitte L. “Revisiting the Contagion Hypothesis: Terrorism, News Coverage, and Copycat Attacks.”
Perspectives on Terrorism
3, no. 3 (2009): 3–12.

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks.
The 9/11
Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
. New York: Norton, 2004.

Nzes, Fredrick.
Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization
. West Point, NY: The Combating Terrorism Center, 2012.

O'Hern, Steven.
Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat That Grows While America Sleeps
. Washington, DC: Potomac, 2012.

Olmeda, José A. “A Reversal of Fortune: Blame Games and Framing Contests After the 3/11 Terrorist Attacks in Madrid.” In
Governing after Crisis:
The Politics of Investigation
, Accountability and Learning
, edited by Arjen Boin, Allan McConnell, and Paul Hart, Chapter 3, 62–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Pedahzur, Ami.
The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle against Terrorism
(Columbia Studies in Terrorism and Irregular Warfare)
. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.

Pillar, Paul.
Terrorism and American Foreign Policy
. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001.

Randal, Jonathan.
Osama: The Making of a Terrorist
. New York: Knopf, 2004.

Ranstrop, Magnus.
Hizballah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis
. New York: Macmillan, 1996.

Ranstrop, Magnus. “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of bin Laden's Fatwa.”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
21, no. 5 (September/October 1998): 321–30.

Reader, Ian.
A Poisonous Cocktail?
Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence
. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 1996.

Reeve, Simon.
The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef,
Osama bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism
.
Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999.

Reeve, Simon.
One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation
, Wrath of God
. New York: Arcade, 2000.

Ressa, Maria A.
Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of al Qaeda's Newest Center of Operations in Southeast Asia
. New York: Free Press, 2003.

Riedel, Bruce.
The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership
, Ideology and Future
. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2008.

Robinson, Eugene. “Exiles.”
Washington Post Magazine
(July 18, 2004): 22–4, 33–7.

Sageman, Marc.
Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the 21st Century
. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

Scott, Charles W.
Pieces of the Game: The Human Drama of Americans Held Hostage in Iran
. Atlanta: Peachtree, 1984.

Seale, Patrick.
Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire
. New York: Random House, 1992.

Shanty, Frank, and Raymond Picquet, eds.
Encyclopedia of World Terrorism, 1996
–
2002
. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003.

Siler, Michael. “Kenya and Tanzania.” In
Encyclopedia of World Terrorism
, 1996
–
2002
, edited by Frank Shanty and Raymond Picquet, 416–20. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003.

Smith, Colin.
Carlos: Portrait of a Terrorist
. London: Sphere, 1976.

Snow, Peter, and David Phillips.
The Arab Hijack War
. New York: Ballantine, 1970.

Sobel, Lester A., ed.
Political Terrorism
. New York: Facts on File, 1975.

Steinhoff, Patricia. “Portrait of a Terrorist: An Interview with Kozo Okamoto.”
Asia Survey
16 (September 1976): 830–45.

Stevenson, William.
90
Minutes at Entebbe
. New York: Bantam, 1976.

Stohl, Michael. “Don't Confuse Me with the Facts: Knowledge Claims and Terrorism.”
Critical Studies on Terrorism
5, no. 1 (2012): 31–49.

“Subject: Japanese Red Army.” Washington, DC: Embassy of Japan, n. d.

Thompson, John. “Ressam, Ahmed (1967).” In
Encyclopedia of World Terrorism
, 1996
–
2002
, edited by Frank Shanty and Raymond Picquet, 208–9. Armonk. NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003.

Tinnin, David B., with Dag Christensen.
The Hit Team
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.

Travalio, Gregory M. “Terrorism, International Law, and the Use of Military Force.”
Wisconsin International Law Journal
18, no. 1 (2000): 145–91.

Tu, Anthony T.
Chemical Terrorism: Horrors in Tokyo Subway and Matsumoto City
. Fort Collins, CO: Alaken, 2002.

United Kingdom. House of Commons.
Report of the Official Account of the Bombings in London on 7th
July
2005
. London: The Stationery Office, May 11, 2006.

United States. Department of State. Cabinet Committee to Combat Terrorism Working Group.
Chronology of Attacks upon Non-Official American Citizens,
1971
–1975
. Washington, DC: GPO, January 20, 1976.

United States. Department of State. Cabinet Committee to Combat Terrorism Working Group.
Chronology of Hijackings 1968 through 1975
. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976.

United States. Department of State.
Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents Involving
US
Diplomatic/Official Personnel,
1963
–1975
. Washington, DC: GPO, January 20, 1976.

United States. Department of State.
Country Reports on Terrorism
, 2012
. Washington, DC: GPO, May 2013.

United States. House of Representatives. 90th Congress, 2nd session. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs. “Hijackings of Planes to Cuba and Frustrated Attempts to Hijack.” In Appendix A.
Air Piracy in the Caribbean Area
, 9–11. Report. Washington, DC: GPO, December 10, 1968.

Yun, Minwoo. “Hostage Taking and Kidnapping in Terrorism: Predicting the Fate of a Hostage.”
Professional Issues in Criminal Justice
2, no. 1 (2007): 23–40.

Afghanistan,
53
,
113–16
,
121
,
123–28
,
132
,
134
,
142
,
143
,
147
,
148
,
156–59
,
199
,
202
,
203
,
221
,
222
,
224
,
227
,
235
,
237
,
238
,
246

Algeria,
xiii
,
xviii
,
1
,
10
,
22–24
,
43
,
63
,
125
,
149
,
157
,
171–75
,
182
,
235
,
236
,
247

Argentina,
50
,
75
,
82–85
,
90–92
,
94
,
107

Asia,
8
,
39
,
94
,
105
,
133
,
136
,
244
,
249
,
252
.
See also specific countries

Australia,
70
,
97
,
105
,
129
,
133
,
138
,
156
,
161
,
177
,
190
,
249

Austria,
xvii
,
21–24
,
31
,
60
,
107
,
108
,
138
,
140
,
185
,
214

Azerbaijan,
138
,
140

Bahrain,
32
,
70
,
220

Bali,
xviii
,
132–36
,
138

Bangladesh,
41
,
190
,
220

Belarus,
138
,
140

Belgium,
60
,
148
,
194

Benin,
79

Bosnia,
126
,
142
,
147

Brazil,
ix
,
83–85
,
91
,
92
,
107
,
108
,
112
,
177
,
181–83

Bulgaria,
18
,
107
,
111
,
138
,
234

Burma,
37
,
39

Burundi,
170

Cambodia,
7

Canada,
57–59
,
84
,
104
,
173
,
177
,
178
,
235
,
236

Chad,
10
,
76–78
,
80

Chechnya,
104
,
123
,
137–39
,
142
,
149
,
151
,
152
,
159

Chile,
10
,
182
,
188
,
213

China,
47
,
156

Colombia,
29
,
30
,
84
,
94
,
106
,
111
,
190

Comoros,
105

Congo,
77–80
,
105
,
170

Cuba,
vii
,
1
,
2
,
29
,
30
,
47
,
107–9
,
122
,
177
,
183
,
184
,
188
,
189
,
248
,
253

Cyprus,
12
,
20
,
32
,
34
,
69
,
70

Czechoslovakia,
132
,
159
,
221

Denmark,
12
,
20
,
32
,
34
,
69
,
70

Djibouti,
105

Dubai,
32
,
240

East Germany,
194
.
See also
Germany

Ecuador,
22
,
28
,
84
,
146

Egypt,
viii
,
xx
,
11
,
12
,
17
,
19
,
23
,
42
,
45
,
47
,
50–54
,
60
,
61
,
86–89
,
107
,
108
,
110–16
,
123–25
,
127
,
132
,
143
,
148
,
159
,
160
,
173
,
185
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
218
,
219
,
229

Ethiopia,
viii
,
105
,
106
,
167
,
169
,
170
,
187

Europe,
xviii
,
xix
,
1
,
3
,
8
,
12
,
21
,
28
,
31
,
34
,
42
,
47
,
48
,
59
,
64
,
70
,
107
,
109
,
111
,
112
,
123
,
131
,
146
,
147
,
155
,
162
,
164
,
172
,
182
,
192
,
231
,
234
,
244
,
247
,
251
.
See also specific countries

France,
10
,
12
,
19
,
24–27
,
29
,
56
,
65
,
75
,
77
,
78
,
80
,
84
,
113
,
138
,
171
,
173
,
190
,
194
,
208
,
236
,
246
,
247

Gaza,
99
,
219

Georgia,
138
,
141

Germany,
vii
,
xix
,
9
,
12
,
16–19
,
33
,
34
,
43
,
66
,
67
,
73
,
80
,
83
,
94
,
95
,
131
,
138
,
184
,
208
,
247–49
,
252
.
See also
East Germany
;
West Germany

Ghana,
156
,
177

Greece,
67

Hong Kong,
16
,
70
.
See also
China

India,
viii
,
ix
,
xix
,
xx
,
10
,
33
,
39
,
48
,
57–59
,
68
,
70
,
105
,
106
,
146
,
157
,
160–64
,
169
,
202
,
216
,
219
,
220
,
248

Indonesia,
viii
,
xviii
,
22
,
132–37
,
249

Iran,
vii
,
22
,
24
,
39–44
,
54–57
,
69
,
72
,
73
,
77
,
78
,
84
,
85
,
90–94
,
143
,
181
,
198
,
202
,
203
,
246
,
248
,
251
,
252

Iraq,
ix
,
xi
,
13
,
18
,
22–24
,
29
,
32
,
33
,
45
,
54
,
63
,
75
,
84
,
91
,
96
,
114
,
121–23
,
128
,
132
,
145
,
146
,
148
,
157–59
,
204
,
210
,
217
,
229
,
230
,
240

Ireland,
37
,
117
,
118
,
246

Israel,
viii
,
xix
,
1
,
9
,
10–21
,
23
,
25–28
,
31
,
39
,
50
,
59
,
60
,
61
,
68
,
69
,
71
,
75
,
77
,
82
,
84
,
85
,
87
,
89–93
,
98
,
111
,
113
,
123
,
138
,
158
,
159
,
162
,
170
,
178
,
185–87
,
190
,
204
,
206
,
218
,
247
,
252

Italy,
34
,
36
,
37
,
48
,
49
,
60–64
,
69
,
92
,
148
,
234
,
245
,
246

Ivory Coast,
73
,
105

Jamaica,
29
,
155
,
233
,
237

Japan,
vii
,
viii
,
xix
,
4–8
,
12–16
,
25
,
29
,
33
,
48
,
89
,
95–97
,
106–9
,
111
,
123
,
161
,
173
,
174
,
185
,
205
,
234
,
247–49
,
252

Jordan,
8–11
,
16–18
,
21
,
25
,
65
,
69
,
87
,
89
,
100
,
114
,
141
,
148
,
152
,
185
,
187
,
217
,
221–23
,
246

Kazakhstan,
140
,
151

Kenya,
viii
,
ix
,
xi
,
xviii
,
26
,
27
,
105
,
106
,
112–16
,
123
,
124
,
126
,
167
,
170
,
171
,
175–79
,
208
,
213
,
221
,
251
,
252

Kosovo,
113

Kuwait,
22
,
23
,
29
,
32
,
45
,
63
,
71
,
87
,
88
,
89
,
127

Lebanon,
viii
,
ix
,
xix
,
14–16
,
19
,
21
,
23
,
54–56
,
66
,
67
,
69
,
73
,
77
,
78
,
90
,
123
,
141
,
186
,
197
,
198
,
248
,
249

Libya,
17–19
,
22–25
,
28
,
47
,
52
,
64–68
,
70–76
,
78–80
,
172
,
174
,
175
,
187
,
246

Lithuania,
150
,
154
,
212

Malaysia,
15
,
107
,
108
,
112
,
130
,
134–36
,
207

Mali,
171–73
,
175

Mauritania,
172–75

Mexico,
182
,
183
,
188
,
190

Middle East,
4
,
9
,
12
,
47
,
50
,
54
,
55
,
59
,
64
,
82
,
84
,
87
,
90
,
92
,
99
,
100
,
112
,
202
,
218
,
244
.
See also specific countries

Morocco,
45
,
123
,
146
,
147

Nepal,
15
,
123
,
220

Netherlands,
2
,
9–11
,
13
,
60
,
138
,
208

Niger,
77
,
173

Nigeria,
22
,
105
,
239

North Korea,
vii
,
xix
,
4–8
,
29
,
47
,
51
,
245

Northern Ireland,
viii
,
xix
,
37
,
117
,
118
,
174

Norway,
34
,
174

Pakistan,
xi
,
41
,
45
,
53
,
57
,
68–72
,
83
,
88
,
89
,
104
,
111
,
114–16
,
127
,
128
,
132
,
136
,
143
,
148
,
155–64
,
167
,
171
,
198
,
200–205
,
208
,
210
,
212
,
219–22
,
226
,
235
,
238
,
239
,
240