Authors: Harrison Salisbury
This is largely based on standard German sources—Haider’s diary; Guderian; Man-stein; Restlinger,
The House Built on Sand
—Pavlenko,
Porazheniye Germanskogo Im-perializma;
the two
Bitva Za Leningrad
books; Ortenberg,
Na Ognennikh Rubezhakh;
Pavlov and Meretskov.
Much of this chapter is based on the account in Orlov,
Borba Za Sovetskuyu Pribaltiku;
plus materials from Karasev;
Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina Sovetskogo Soyuza;
the six-volume
lstoriya VOVSS;
and Barbashin,
Bitva Za Leningrad
. The Taurage incident is described by A. Ionin,
Zvezda
, No. 6, June, 1966. Detail on the Baltic Military District has been drawn from Chadayev,
Ekonomika SSSR v Period VOV;
Samsonov,
V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina; Leningrad v VOV;
and I. Boiko,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 8, August, 1966. The figures on Soviet air losses come from Barbashin; A. M. Samsonov,
Stalingradskaya Bitva;
and A. S. Yakovlev,
Tsel Zhizni
. The description of General Morozov’s headquarters is drawn from V. P. Agafonov,
Neman! Neman! Ya
—
DunaU
, and Z. Kondrats,
IX Fort
. The description of Libau comes from V. Ye. Bystrov,
Geroi Podpolya;
R. Velevitnev,
Krepost bez Fortov;
and A. P. Kladt,
Istoriya SSSR
, No. 3, 1965. The report on Sobennikov is largely drawn from Orlov. The description of Pavlov’s headquarters comes from I. V. Boldin,
Stranitsii Zhizni
, and Leonid Sandalov and Fedor A. Ostashenko in V. A. Grekov,
Bug v Ogne
.
The material on Meretskov and the purge of the Red Army comes from his memoirs; from
Pod Znamenem Ispanskoi Respubliki
(which he edited);
VOVSS;
S. A. Kalinin,
Razmyshlyaya o Minuvshem; Istoriya VOVSS;
A. V. Gorbatov,
Years Off My life;
B. V. Bychevsky,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 9, September, 1963; I. Bagramyan,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1967; A. M. Nekrich,
1941 22 Iunya;
N. N. Voronov,
Na Sluzhbe Voyennoi;
D. A. Morozov, O
Nikh Ne Upominalos v Svod-
kakh;
and Konstantin Simonov’s novel,
Soldatami Ne Rozhdayutsya
. The prewar military situation is based on A. I. Yeremenko,
VNachale Voiny; VOVSS;
P. Yegorov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 5, May, 1967; Naval Commissar N. G. Kuznetsov,
Oktyabr
, No. 9, September, 1965; Meretskov;
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni;
and Bychevsky,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1964.
Olga Berggolts’ description comes from her
Dnevnye Zvezdy
, with additional material from Yuri L. Alanskii,
Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela
. The poem is from Berggolts’
Uzel
. The Konstantinov and Skryabina passages are from their memoirs. Dmitri Shcheglov’s story is told in
V Opolchenii
, I. I. Kanashin’s in
Poka Stuchit Serdtse
, the description of Leningrad from many sources and years of personal observation. The story of the Kirov repressions comes largely from
Ocherki Istorii Leningrada
, Vol. 4, and S. Kostyuchenko,
Istoriya Kirovskogo Zavoda
. The Akhmatova poem is from her
Rekviem
. The Orbeli description, of course, is provided by Varshavsky and Rest,
Zvezda
, No. 10, October, 1964. The description of events in Leningrad after Molotov’s broadcast is based on Skryabina; Anatoly Darov’s
Blokada;
Pavel Luknitsky,
Skvoz Vsyu Blokadu;
and
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni
.
The picture of Zhdanov is reconstructed from his public speeches, the impressions of Kuznetsov,
Oktyabr
, Nos. 9 and n, September and November, 1965; Richard Lauter-bach,
These Are the Russians;
Nikita Khrushchev’s “secret speech"; M. I. Kazakov;
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni;
and I. M. Maisky. The data on the Committee for State Defense are drawn from
Istoriya VOVSS
and Marshal Andrei Grechko,
Voyenno Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 6, June, 1966.
The description of Leningrad’s mobilization comes from
Leningrad v VOV;
A. Karasev and V. Kovalchuk,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1964;
Na Zashchite
Nevskoi Tverdyni;
Ilya Brazhin,
Neva
, No. 2, February, 1968; Pavlov; Karasev; A. Dymshits,
Podvig Leningrada;
Barbashin,
Bitva Za Leningrad;
V. Bogdanov Berezovsky,
V Gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny;
Yuri Alanskii,
Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela;
Karasev,
Istoriya SSSR
, No. 3, 1961; N. N. Zhdanov,
Ognevoi Shchit Leningrada;
Bychevsky; Meretskov; and Varshavsky and Rest.
The chapter draws heavily upon Nikolai Mikhailovsky’s S
Toboi Baltika
and his account in
Literaturnoye Nasledstvo Sovetskikh Pisatelei
, Vol. II; Vladimir Rudny, Aleksandr Zonin; and Admiral Y. A. Panteleyev,
Morskoi Front
. Details on conditions in the Baltic states are provided from V. Stanley Vardys,
Lithuania Under the Soviets;
A. A. Druzula,
V Dni Voiny;
Orlov; M. P. Pavlovskii,
Na Ostrovakh; Documents on German Foreign Policy
, Series D., Vols. VII and XIII; the anonymous article on Soviet intelligence,
Voprosy lstorii
, May, 1965; V. Achkasov,
Krasnoznamennyi Baltiiskii Flot;
Vsevolod Vishnevsky,
Sobrannye Sochinenii
, Vol. III.
Among the principal sources are Mikhail Dukhanov,
V Serdtse i v Pamyati;
Barbashin;
Istoriya VOVSS;
Orlov; A. Kiselev,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 6, June, 1966; D. D. Lelyushenko,
Zarya Pobedy;
Agafonov. The verdict on General Kuznetsov is that of the editors of
Istoriya VO VSS
, Vol. II, p. 29.
The portrait of Leningrad in the early days of war is a pastiche from many, many sources, among them Varshavsky and Rest;
Leningrad v VOV; Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni;
the collection
goo Dnei;
Olga Berggolts’
Dnevnye Zvezdy;
Bogdanov-Bere-zovsky,
V Gody VOV;
Madame Skryabina’s diary; A. T. Skilyagin,
Dela i Lyudi;
Vera Ketlinskaya,
Neva
, No. 5, May, 1965; Vsevolod Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 1, January, 1964; A. N. Vasilyev,
S Perom i Avtomatom;
Ilya Avramenko,
Den Poezii 1965;
L. Panteleyev,
Zhivye Pamyatniki;
Bychevsky; Barbashin; Meretskov; Pavlov; Karasev;
VOVSS;
S. Belyayev,
Narodnoye Opolcheniye Leningrada;
Lev Uspensky,
Zvezda
, No. 9, September, 1964; Shcheglov; Yuri Alanskii; S. Bubenshchikov,
V Ognennom Koltse;
V. Malkin,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1964.
The principal sources for the Luga battle are Bychevsky; Barbashin; Karasev;
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni;
and General Dukhanov. Kochetov tells his story in
Oktyabr
, No. 1, January, 1964. Some detail on Kochetov is drawn from Vasilyev, 5
Perom i Avtomatom
. Yeremenko describes the Western Front in
Na Zapadnom Napravlenii
. Material on the 2nd Volunteers is provided by Bubenshchikov’s
V Ognennom Koltse
. The story of the 70th Guards is from N. S, Gudkova,
Mera Muzhestva;
and A. Rozen,
Zvezda
, No. 2, February, 1966.
The principal sources are Bychevsky; Barbashin;
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni;
Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 6, June, 1964; S. Belyayev,
Narodnoye Opolcheniye Leningrada;
and Karasev.
The description of Smolny is based on G. N. Karayev,
Po Mestam Boyevoi Slavy;
Pavlov; L. L. Shvetsov,
Smolninskii Raion;
and
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni
. The crisis details are drawn from
Na Zashchite;
Belyayev; V. V. Stremilov,
Voprosy Istorii KPSS
, No. 5, May, 1959;
Leningrad v VOV;
Varshavsky and Rest; A. Shtein,
Znamya
, No. 4, April, 1964. The story of the Leningrad City Council of Defense comes from Pavlov; Karasev; A. E. Sukhnovalov,
Petrogradskaya Storona;
and
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei
. Other details are from Kochetov, Bychevsky, Luknitsky.
The Stalin description is based on Maisky; Barbashin; Kuznetsov; Voronov,
Istoriya SSSR
, No. 3, 1965; S. M. Shtemenko,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 9, September, 1965; Robert Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins;
and Pavlov. The Stalin-Zhdanov-Voroshilov dispute is based on Pavlov,
Na Zashchite
, and V. Achkasov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 10, October, 1966. Details are added from P. Ponomarenko,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 4, April, 1965;
Istoriya VOVSS
, Vol. I, p. 105; and T. Shtykov, writing in L. I. Ilin,
Khrabreishiye iz Khrabrykh
.
Sources on the Tallinn disaster are Mikhailovsky, Panteleyev, A. K. Tarasenkov, Vse-volod Vishnevsky (their diaries plus materials in
Literaturnoye Nasledstvo Sovetskikh Pisatelei
, Vol. II); A. Mushnikov,
Baltiitsy v Boyakh Za Leningrad;
V. Achkasov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 10, October, 1966; A. Zonin; K. K. Kamalov,
Morskaya Pekhota v Boyakh Za Rodinu;
N. Chukovsky,
Yunost
, No. 1, January, 1966; N. F. Mineyev,
Pervaya Pobeda;
Ya. Perechnev,
Na Strazhe Morskikh Gorizontov;
A. Shtein,
Znamya
, No. 4, April, 1965; and Orlov.
The principal source is Panteleyev. Others include Achkasov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 10, October, 1966; Vishnevsky; Mikhailovsky; M. Godenko’s semifictional
Minnoye Polye;
Tarasenkov; P. L. Korzinkin,
V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya;
A. Mushnikov; S. F. Yedelinskii,
Balticheskii Flot v VOV;
Kuznetsov,
Voprosy Istorii
, No. 8, August, 1965; Rudny; and Zonin.
Most of this chapter comes from Panteleyev, Barbashin and Bychevsky. Details are added from
Leningrad v VOV;
Luknitsky; A. Dymshits,
Znamya
, No. 3, March, 1966; I. I. Kanashin,
Poka Stuchit Serdtse;
and A. Mushnikov.
Vera Inber’s story is told in
Za Mnogo Let
and by Vera Ketlinskaya,
Neva
, No. 5, May, 1965; that of Shvarts in Ketlinskaya; Aleksandr Shtein,
Znamya
, No. 5, May, 1964; and S. Tsimbal,
My Znali Yevgeniya Shvartsa
. The picture of the city comes from
Leningrad v VOV;
Luknitsky; A. Rozen,
Zvezda
, Nos. 1 and 2, January and February, 1965; Shtein,
Znamya
, No. 6, June, 1964; Gankevich; Bogdanov-Berezovsky,
V Gody VOV;
Varshavsky and Rest; V. M. Barashenkov,
Istoriya Gosudarstvennoi Publichnoi Biblio-teki;
and Karasev.
The principal sources on the visit of the State Defense Committee group are Na
Zashchite;
Voronov; Kuznetsov,
Voprosy Istorii
, No. 8, August, 1965; Panteleyev; A. Mushnikov,
Baltiitsy v Boyakh Za Leningrad;
F. I. Sirota,
Voprosy Istorii
, No. 10, October, 1956; Pavlov; Barbashin; Karasev;
Istoriya VOVSS
. The Nazi High Command controversy is reported by Haider. The Churchill-Stalin exchange is reported by Maisky and Winston Churchill,
The Second World War
, Vol. III,
The Grand Alliance
.
Bychevsky is the principal source on Mga. His account of the Izhorsk battle is supplemented by detail from Sviridov,
Bitva Za Leningrad;
Barbashin; Chernenko’s story in A. Dymshits,
Fodvig Leningrada; Leningrad v VOV;
Vissarion Sayanov,
Leningradskii Dnevnik; poo Dnei;
Bubenshchikov; and statistical detail from
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei
. The breakthrough to the Neva is described by Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 11, November, 1965; Barbashin;
Na Zashchite Nevskoi Tverdyni;
Sviridov; Bychevsky; the taking of Shlisselburg by Gankevich, Bychevsky, Barbashin,
Na Zashchite
. Criticism is drawn from Dukhanov and Barbashin; the aftermath of Izhorsk from
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei;
Karasev; Ketlinskaya,
Neva
, No. 5, May, 1965; and Beilin,
Ryadorn S Geroyami
. Shostakovich’s story is from
poo Dnei;
Bogdanov-Berezovsky,
V Gody VOV;
and
Stranitsy Muzykalnoi Publisistiki;
Al Less,
Moskva
, No. 5, May, 1965; Olga Berggolts,
Litera-turnaya Gazeta
, No.
56
, May 9, 1965; A. N. Vasilyev, S
Ferom i Avtomatom
. Other detail from G. G. Tigranov,
Leningradskaya Konservatoriya;
Panteleyev and Sayanov in B. M. Likharev,
Leningradskii Almanakh
.
Vera Inber’s impressions are from her diary,
lzbrannye Proizvedeniya
, Vol. Ill; those of Luknitsky from his diary; Berggolts,
Dnevne Zvezdy;
Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 6, June, 1964. Other sources: Bychevsky; Pavlov;
Podvig Leningrada;
Olga Iordan in
poo Dnei
. Statistics are from
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Na Zashchite;
Pavlov (who provides the detailed food estimates); Karasev;
Leningrad v VOV;
Varshavsky and Rest; S. Kostyuchenko,
Istoriya Kirovskogo Zavoda;
Panteleyev; N. N. Zhdanov,
Ognevoi Shchit Leningrada;
Bondarenko in S
Perem i Avtomatom;
Ketlinskaya,
Literaturnaya Gazeta
, No. 15, February 4, 1965; Voronov; and Skryabina.