The Bang-Bang Club (39 page)

1910
Union of South Africa formed.

1912
SANNC, later ANC, founded.

1913
Natives’ Land Act passed.

1914
NP founded.

1920
Native Affairs Act creates separate administration for blacks living in Native Reserves.

1923
Natives (Urban Areas) Act extends segregation to towns.

1925
Afrikaans becomes an official language alongside English.

1948
(Reunited) National Party (HNP) wins election.

1949
Prohibition of mixed marriages.

1950
Population registration (to determine a person’s race), Immorality and Group Areas Acts; Suppression of Communism Act.

1951
Separate Representation of Voters Bill enacted.

1952
Native Laws Amendment Act, Abolition of Passes Act starts reference book (dompas) for Africans. ANC launched Defiance Campaign.

1953
Government wins election with mandate to remove coloureds from common voters’ roll in the Cape. Bantu Education Act passed. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act.

1955
Forced removals from Johannesburg’s non-white Sofiatown suburb continues through to 1958 from other suburbs. Freedom Charter adopted.

1956
Coloureds removed from common voters’ roll. Treason Trial of 156 anti-apartheid activists.

1958
Hendrik Verwoerd becomes Prime Minister.

1959
PAC breaks away from ANC.

1960
Anti Pass Law campaign; Sharpeville shootings. ANC and PAC banned, both set up military wings. State of Emergency declared. White referendum of forming a Republic.

1961
Mandela proposes the adoption of an armed struggle.

1962
Mandela arrested.

1966
Verwoerd assassinated in parliament, B.J. Vorster takes over.

1975-6
South Africa invades Angola, then withdraws, but SA continues to side with UNITA in civil war until 1989.

1976
Soweto riots. Many teenagers flee the country for military training. Internal Security Act passed.

1977
Seventeen organizations and two newspapers banned.

1978
P.W. Botha succeeds Vorster after he resigns over funding scandal.

1980
Zimbabwe wins independence. ANC breaks with Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Inkatha.

1984
Tricameral parliaments formed, no representation for blacks. Widespread rioting begins.

1985
State of Emergency in 36 magisterial districts declared.

1986
Pass Laws abolished.

1988
Seventeen anti-apartheid organizations banned, including UDF.

1989
P.W. Botha has stroke, resigns, succeeded by F.W. de Klerk. NP wins general election. Anti-apartheid demonstrations permitted in major cities.

1990
Mandela released from prison. ANC, PAC, SACP unbanned. Namibia gains independence. Separate Amenities Act repealed. Fighting between Inkatha and ANC spreads to the Transvaal. NP allows all races to join.

1991
National Peace accord signed. Talks on relinquishing white hold on power begin. Group Areas Act, Population Registration Act, Native Land and Trust Act repealed.

1992
Forty-five people killed in Boipatong massacre.

1993
Chris Hani assassinated by white right-winger. Election date announced.

1994
ANC wins first democratic election by massive majority. Homelands reincorporated.

1998
October: Truth and Reconciliation report published.

2000
June: The New National Party (formerly the National Party) incorporated in the Democratic Party.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bauer, Charlotte,
Weekly Mail
(now
Mail & Guardian
). (1994)

Bradford, Jean,
A Dictionary of South African English
. (Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 1987)

Carter, Kevin,
Weekly Mail
(now
Mail & Guardian
). (1992)

Illustrated History of South Africa - The Real Story
. (The Reader’s Digest Association South Africa, 1992)

Lorch, Donatella,
The New York Times
. (1993)

MacLeod, Scott,
Time Magazine
. (1994)

Marchese, John,
Village Voice
. (1994)

Marinovich, Greg, ‘The Dead Zone: The Confined Space of Political Conflict, Tokoza Township’ in
Architecture, Apartheid and After
Hilton Judin & Ivan Vladislavic (editors). (NAI Publications, 1999)

Nichol, Mike,
The Invisible line: The Life and Photography of Ken Oosterbroek
. (Kwela Books in association with Random House, 1998)

Silva, Joao,
The Star
. (1992)

Squires, Carol,
American Photo Magazine
. (1994)

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report. (1998)

INDEX

Acholi funeral songs

Adams, Guy

Afghanistan

African National Congress (ANC)

aims to make townships ungovernable

allegiance to

and apartheid

armed wing

asks supporters to exercise restraint

the battle in Thokoza

and the Boipatong massacre

bombs military headquarters

in Bophuthatswana

Buthelezi breaks with

defence of the townships

demonization

and the elections

exiled leaders in Lusaka

failed coup in Bophuthatswana

the Freedom Charter

and freedom of the press

headquarters

and Inkatha

and Khalanyoni Hostel

national conference (Durban, 1991)

and the National Peacekeeping Force

non-racial

and the police

and Shariff’s death

and the Soweto stay-away

and the Tshabalala killing

tsotsis and

unbanned

and the United Democratic Movement

‘Vote Mandela’ banner

white state attempts to crush

Xhosas dominate the political leadership

Afrikaans

Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB)

Agence France Presse

AK-47 assault rifle

Alabiso, Vin

Alberton

courthouse

Alberton Rotary Club

Alberts, Captain

Alexandra township, Johannesburg

Ali, Mohammed

amaButho (Zulu warrior groups)

ANC
see
African National Congress

Angola

apartheid

and the ANC-led government

the birth of

defence in Bophuthatswana

and the elections

end of the regime

the homelands concept

language of

laws

paying for

the pleasures of

APLA
see
Azanian People’s Liberation Army

Armenia

Asahi Shimbun
newspaper

asigibeli

Associated Press (AP)

Auguste, Marcie

AWB
see
Afrikaner Resistance Movement

Ayod, Sudan

Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA)

Azerbaijan

Bad Boys

Badsha, Omar

Baghdad

‘Bang-Bang Club’

Barberton

BaSotho soldiers

Battersby, John

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

Bekkersdal township

Belgrade

Bernard, Gary

attempted suicide

background

commits suicide

drug abuse

effect of trauma

and the elections

joins
The Star

in Kathlehong

and Ken’s death

Ken’s funeral

and Ken’s inquest

Kevin borrows from

at Kevin’s funeral

and Kevin’s suicide

and Mitterand’s visit

in Mozambique

personal crisis

sensitivity

and Shariff’s death

street parties in Soweto

wins top South African press award

black-on-black violence

blanket men

Boer War (1899-1902)

Boers

Boipatong massacre

Bophuthatswana

and the ANC

failed coup

location

Mangope prohibits elections

Mangope refuses to relinquish

the military base

police

right-wing humiliation

the Sun City resort

Tswana people

unrest in

Bophuthatswana army

Bosman, Herman Charles: ‘Makapan’s Caves’ (in
Mafeking Road
)

Bosnia

Botha, P.W.

Bowen, Jeremy

boycotts

Braklaagte

Brauchli, David

Brixton police station

Bryson, Donna

Budapest

Buirski, Nancy

Buthelezi, Chief Mangosuthu

button-smokers

Camera Press

Canon

Cape Town

Carter, Jimmy

Carter, Kevin

appearance

arrested

becomes a news-photographer

belief that has been fired

and Boipatong massacre

in Bophuthatswana

childhood

commits suicide

covers the election for Agence France Presse

disc-jockeying

drug abuse

effect of trauma

and the elections

financial problems

funeral

goes AWOL from the military

joins Reuters

in Kathlehong

Kathy kicks him out

loss of the Mozambique film

love life

Mandela sworn in as president

the Mitterand assignment

the Mozambique assignment

and necklacing

personality

Pulitzer Prize

the radio scanner

relationship with Joao

sensitivity

and Shariff’s death

stalking vulture picture

stays with Judith

the Sudan trip

suicide attempt

talks to Nancy Lee about Ken

visits Greg in hospital

visits New York

Carter, Roma

Casspirs (armoured vehicles)

CBS

Celliers, Rob

Central Western Jabavu, Soweto

Chechnya

Chicken Farm, Soweto, a crucifixion in

Chisholm, Mark

Ciskei

Citizen
(racist daily)

Clinton, Bill

Clinton, Hillary

CNN

Coetzee, Captain Dirk

Cohen, Tom

Coles, Dave

Colton, Jimmy

Columbia University

Comley, Robin

Communist Party

asks supporters to exercise restraint

unbanning of

coms

comtsotsis

Conservative Party

constitution

Croatia

Croats

Crown Mines

Cuban military instructors

dagga (marijuana)

Dai Roku Nippon Primary school, Arakawa Ward, Tokyo

Daley, Suzanne (
NYT
bureau chief)

Daniszewski, John

Davidson, Kathy

De Klerk, F.W.

Dinka tribe

Distance

Dlomo, Sylvia

drive-by shootings

Drum
magazine

Durban

ANC national conference (1991)

Mkhize’s home

elections

Election Day (27 April 1994)

Emergency Regulations

European
newspaper

Faas, Horst

Facey, Tim

Farrell, Denis

Foreman, George

Formaneck, Ingrid

Freedom Charter

Freedom Front

gold mines

Goldstone Commission

Gona, Zaïre

government security units

Greybe, Johann

guarantee system

Gubb, Louise

guerrilla training camps

Hadley, Rob

Hani, Chris

Hillbrow

homelands

captive labour pool in