The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life

Read The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life Online

Authors: Richard J. Herrnstein,Charles A. Murray

Tags: #History, #Science, #General, #Psychology, #Sociology, #Genetics & Genomics, #Life Sciences, #Social Science, #Educational Psychology, #Intelligence Levels - United States, #Nature and Nurture, #United States, #Education, #Political Science, #Intelligence Levels - Social Aspects - United States, #Intellect, #Intelligence Levels

THE BELL CURVE
 

Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life

 

RICHARD J. HERRNSTEIN

Simon & Schuster

The
Bell Curve
Phenomenon

“The Bell Curve’
s implications will be as profound for the beginning of the new century as Michael Harrington’s discovery of ‘the other America’ was for the final part of the old. Richard Herrnstein’s bequest to us is a work of great value. Charles Murray’s contribution goes on.”

—Chester E. Finn, Jr.,
Commentary

 

“[The authors] have been cast as racists and elitists and
The Bell Curve
has been dismissed as pseudoscience…. The book’s message cannot be dismissed so easily. Herrnstein and Murray have written one of the most provocative social science books published in many years…. This is a superbly written and exceedingly well documented book.”

—Prof. Thomas J. Bouchard,
Contemporary Psychology

 

“The Bell Curve
is a comprehensive treatment of its subject, never mean-spirited or gloating. It gives a fair hearing to those who dissent scientifically from its propositions—in fact, it bends over backward to be fair…. Among the dozens of hostile articles that have thus far appeared, none has successfully refuted any of its science.”

—Christopher Caldwell,
American Spectator

 

“Mr. Murray and Mr. Herrnstein write that ‘for the last 30 years, the concept of intelligence has been a pariah in the world of ideas,’ and that the time has come to rehabilitate rational discourse on the subject. It is hard to imagine a democratic society doing otherwise.”

—Malcolme W. Browne,
The New York Times Book Review

 

“Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray might not feel at home with Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Lani Guinier, but they should…. They have all [made] brave attempts to force a national debate on urgent matters that will not go away. And they have met the same fate. Once again, academia and the mass media are straining every muscle to suppress debate.”

—Prof. Eugene D. Genovese,
National Review

 

“The first reactions to
The Bell Curve
were expressions of public outrage. In the second round of reaction, some commentators suggested that Herrnstein and Murray were merely bringing up facts that were well known in the scientific community, but perhaps best not discussed in public. A Papua New Guinea language has a term for this,
Mokita.
It means ‘truth that we all know, but agree not to talk about.’ … There are fascinating questions here for those interested in the interactions between sociology, economics, anthropology and cognitive science. We do not have the answers yet. We may need them soon, for policy makers who rely on
Mokita
are flying blind.”

—Prof. Earl Hunt,
American Scientist

 

“From beginning to end, it is apparent that Herrnstein and Murray are eminently reasonable, responsible, civilized and compassionate human beings. Throughout their work opposing arguments and schools of thought are assiduously canvassed. Readers are alerted over and over again to contrary views and differing interpretations of the evidence presented. The expository chapters are written without jargon. The prose is exceptionally lucid, often elegant; far from being a boring, heavy-footed tome, the book is a good read from start to finish.”

—Prof. E. L. Patullo,
Society

 

“This is one of the most sober, responsible, thorough and thoughtful books to be published in years. I don’t happen to agree with everything in it, but that is beside the point.”

—Thomas Sowell, author of
Race and Culture: A World View

 

 

FREE PRESS PAPERBACKS
A Division of Simon & Schuster Inc.
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, N.Y. 10020
www.SimonandSchuster.com

 

Copyright © 1994 by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray

 

All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.

 

First Free Press Paperback Edition 1996

 

F
REE
P
RESS
P
APERBACK
and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc.

 

Manufactured in the United States of America

 

10 9 8 7 6

 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

 

Herrnstein, Richard J.

 

The bell curve: intelligence and class structure in American life/ Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray.—1st Free Press paperback ed.

p.   cm.—(A Free Press paperbacks book)

Originally published: New York: Free Press, © 1994.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-6848-2429-1

ISBN-10:   0-684-82429-9

eISBN-13: 978-1-4391-3491-7

1. Intellect.   2. Nature and nurture.   3. Intelligence levels—United States.   4. Intelligence levels—Social aspects—United States.   5. Educational psychology.   I. Murray, Charles A.

II. Title.

[BF431.H398   1996]

305.9′082—dc20   95-42934

CIP

Afterword copyright © 1995 by Charles Murray, adapted from
Commentary;
used by permission. All rights reserved.

 

For J
ULIA,
M
AX,
J
AMES,
N
ARISARA,
S
ARAWAN,
A
NNA, AND
B
ENNETT

We wrote with your world in our thoughts

There is a most absurd and audacious Method of reasoning avowed by some Bigots and Enthusiasts, and through Fear assented to by some wiser and better Men; it is this. They argue against a fair Discussion of popular Prejudices, because, say they, tho’ they would be found without any reasonable Support, yet the Discovery might be productive of the most dangerous Consequences. Absurd and blasphemous Notion! As if all Happiness was not connected with the Practice of Virtue, which necessarily depends upon the Knowledge of Truth.

EDMUND BURKE
A Vindication of Natural Society

 
Contents
 

List of Illustrations

List of Tables

A Note to the Reader

Preface

Acknowledgments

I
NTRODUCTION

PART I. THE EMERGENCE OF A COGNITIVE ELITE

1 Cognitive Class and Education, 1900-1990

2 Cognitive Partitioning by Occupation

3 The Economic Pressure to Partition

4 Steeper Ladders, Narrower Gates

PART II. COGNITIVE CLASSES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

5 Poverty

6 Schooling

7 Unemployment, Idleness, and Injury

8 Family Matters

9 Welfare Dependency

10 Parenting

11 Crime

12 Civility and Citizenship

PART III. THE NATIONAL CONTEXT

13 Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Ability

14 Ethnic Inequalities in Relation to IQ

15 The Demography of Intelligence

16 Social Behavior and the Prevalence of Low Cognitive Ability

PART IV. LIVING TOGETHER

17 Raising Cognitive Ability

18 The Leveling of American Education

19 Affirmative Action in Higher Education

20 Affirmative Action in the Workplace

21 The Way We Are Headed

22 A Place for Everyone

A
FTERWORD

APPENDIXES

1 Statistics for People Who Are Sure They Can’t Learn Statistics

2 Technical Issues Regarding the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

3 Technical Issues Regarding the Armed Forces Qualification Test as a Measure of IQ

4 Regression Analyses from Part II

5 Supplemental Material for Chapter 13

6 Regression Analyses from Chapter 14

7 The Evolution of Affirmative Action in the Workplace

Notes

Bibliography

Index

List of Illustrations
 

In the twentieth century, the prevalence of the college degree goes from one in fifty to a third of the population

At mid-century, America abruptly becomes more efficient in getting the top students to college

Between the 1920s and the 1960s, college attendance becomes much more closely pegged to IQ

Cognitive sorting continues from the time that students enter college to the time they get a degree

Cognitive stratification in colleges by 1961

Americans with and without a college education as of 1930

Americans with and without a college education as of 1990

The top IQ decile becomes rapidly more concentrated in high-IQ professions from 1940 onward

In fifty years, the education of the typical CEO increases from high school to graduate school

The variation among individuals that lies behind a significant correlation coefficient

The advantages of hiring by test score

Engineers’ salaries as an example of how intelligence became more valuable in the 1950s

The high-IQ occupations also are well-paid occupations

Defining the cognitive classes

Dramatic progress against poverty from World War II through the 1960s, stagnation since then

The comparative roles of IQ and parental SES in determining whether young white adults are below the poverty line

In the white high school sample, high IQ makes a difference in avoiding poverty; in the college sample, hardly anyone was poor

The role of the mother’s IQ in determining which white children are poor

The role of the mother’s socioeconomic background in determining which white children are poor

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