Authors: Frederick Taylor
23
Quotation from m/s of memoir
Coca Cola schmeckt nach Berlin
by Joachim Trenkner, with his permission. Further material from interview with Joachim Trenkner, Berlin, 17 December 2004.
24
Harrison,
Driving the Soviets tip the Wall
pp. 169f.
25
Ibid. p. 169. Though it should be noted that defectors do tend ro ‘sing for their supper’. In the 1990s Senja also claimed in front of a Washington congressional committee that American MIAs from Korea and Vietnam were used in secret Eastern Bloc medical experiments. This assertion has been viewed with a great deal of scepticism in many circles.
26
See Matthias Uhl, ‘Westberlin stellt also ein großes Loch innerhalb unserer Republik dar’ in
Vor dem Mauerbau (Schriftenreihe der Viertelsjahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte Sondernummer
2003) as above pp. 315f.
27
Harrison,
Driving the Soviets tip the Wall
p. 170. Pervukhin’s report to Foreign Minister Gromyko of 19 May 1961.
28
Taubmann,
Khrushchev
p. 499. And for the comment on Khrushchev’s repetition.
29
Cited ibid. p. 495.
30
Harold Macmillan,
Pointing the Way
1959-1961 p. 356.
31
Uhl,’Westberlin stellt also ein großes Loch…’as above p. 317.
8 Operation ‘Rose’
1
Dallek,
Kennedy
p. 417.
2
Ibid. p. 423. And for the account of the situation in the Oval Office while Kennedy gave his speech.
3
Richie,
Faust’s Metropolis
p. 715.
4
Taubman,
Khrushchev
p. 501. And for the McCloy encounter.
5
Quoted in Harrison,
Driving the Soviets up the Wall
p. 178.
6
‘In der Argumentation muss ab sofort das Wort Republikflucht verschwinden und an dessen Stelle Abwerbung, Menschenhandel, Kopfjäger usw. gesetzt werden’, Circular dated 20 July 1961 from Abteiliung Agitation beim ZK der SED in BArch Berlin SAPMO DY/30/IVA/2/ 9.02.20 MF 3.
7
See Bernd Eisenfeld and Roger Engelmann, 13.8.1961:
Mauerbau Fluchtbewegung und Machtsicherung
p. 37.
8
Quoted in Harrison,
Driving the Soviets up the Wall
pp. 178f.
9
Norman Gelb,
The Berlin Wall: Kennedy, Khrushchev and a Showdown in the Heart of Europe
p. 97.
10
Harrison,
Driving the Soviets up the Wall
pp. 185f.
11
Kvitsinsky’s account quoted in
Der Spiegel
32/2001 6 August 2001,
Die Schandmauer
.
12
Ibid. and Harrison,
Driving the Soviets up the Wall
p. 187.
13
For which Mielke was finally tried and convicted in 1993. He served two years before being released on health grounds. He died in 2000, aged ninety-two.
14
See
Wer War Wer in der
DDR? pp. 579f., which accepts the French story. For a different version, which has Mielke in Russia between 1940 and 1945 see John O. Koehler,
Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
pp. 33ff.
15
See Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Matthias Uhl und Arnim Wagner,
Ulbricht, Chruschtschow und die Mauer, Eine Dokumentation (Schriftenreihe der Viertelijahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte Band
86) p. 43.
16
Pölzl,
Erich Honecker
p. 92.
17
Uhl, ‘Westberlin stellt also ein großes Loch…’ p. 323. And the the Soviet missile exercises and the appointment of Konev pp. 324f.
18
Zubok,
Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis
p. 28 and n84.
19
Walt W. Rostow,
The Diffusion of Power
p. 231.
20
Uhl, ‘Westberlin stellt also ein großes Loch…’ p. 318.
21
‘…der verstärkten pioniermä?igen Ausbau der Staatsgrenze…’ ibid. p. 323.
22
See Harrison,
Driving the Soviets up the Wall
pp. 188f.
23
See ibid. p. 194 and Uhl, ‘Westberlin stellt also ein großes Loch…’ pp. 326f. For Ulbricht’s handwritten notes on the meeting see BArch Berlin SAPMO Büro Walter Ulbricht IV 30/3682.
24
Introduction, translation and annotation by Douglas Selvage, ‘The End of the Berlin Crisis: New Evidence on the Berlin Crisis 1958-1962’ in
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
11 (Winter 1998) p. 219.
25
Zubok,
Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis
p. 24. Report of International Department 16 March 1962. According to Andropov, Soviet loans to the GDR amounted to 6.8 billion Deutschmarks (roughly DM 400 per head of the population).
26
See Selvage’s remarks in Ibid. p. 222.
27
Uhl, ‘Westberlin stellt also ein großes Loch…’ p. 319.
28
Text of speech in BArch Berlin SAPMO Büro Walter Ulbricht IV 30/3682.
29
David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev and George Bailey,
Battleground Berlin
: CIA
vs
KGB
in the Cold War
p. 366 and for Bob Harvey’s objections.
30
Ibid. also p. 366.
31
Report on Paris conference reproduced in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961-1962 pp. 281-91.
32
See
Neues Deutschland
4 August 1961 for text of
Anordnung zur Durchführung des Magistratsbeschlusses vom
4.
August 1961 über Zahlungen im demokratischen Berlin durch Personen, die in Westberlin einer Beschäftigung nachgehen
.
33
Protokoll Nr
39/61
der auβerordentlichen Sitzung des Politbüros des Zentralkomitees der
SED
am Montag
(7.8.1961) in BArch Berlin SAPMO DY/30/J IV 2/2A/841.
34
Klaus Wiegrefe, ‘Der Schandmauer’ in
Der Spiegel
32/2001 6 August 1961.
35
Merseburger,
Willy Brandt
pp. 393f.
36
Wiegrefe, ‘Der Schandmauer’ as above.
37
Manfred Rexin, ‘Eine Mauer durch Berlin: Erinnerungen an den August 1961’ in
Deutschland-Archiv
34 (2001) 4 pp. 645 ff.
38
Quote from Mende’s memoirs in Pölzl,
Erich Honecker
p. 71. From the autumn of 1961 Mende, a leader of the expellees from Eastern Germany (he was Silesian-born), would serve as vice-chancellor and Minister for All-German Questions under the coalition between the liberal FDP and the CDU that followed the 17 September elections. More conservative and nationalistic than most of his party membership, in 1970 he resigned from the FDP and crossed right over to the CDU.
39
Statement by refugee Gerhard Diekmann (twenty-five, single, worker in a state-owned factory), made in West Berlin on 14 August 1961.
Bundesministerium für Gesamtdeutsche Fragen (Hg., Die Flucht aus der Sowjetzone und die Sperrmaβnahmen des kommunistischen Regimes vom 13. August 1961 in Berlin
p. 76.
40
Honoré M. Catudal,
Kennedy in der Mauer-Krise: Eine Fallstudie zur Entscheidungsfindung in den USA
pp. 251ff. (English version:
Kennedy and the Berlin Crisis: A Study in
US
Decision-Making
).
41
See Uhl and Wagner,
Ulbricht, Chruschtschow und die Mauer
as above p. 34.
42
Van Pawel’s account of the meeting with Konev in Peter Wyden,
The Wall: The Inside Story of Divided Berlin
pp. 127f.
43
Lengthy extracts from the protocol of Mielke’s speech to the
Stasi
leadership, 11 August 1961, in Eisenfeld and Engelmann,
Mauerbau Fluchtbewegung und Machtsicherung
pp. 47f.
44
See ‘Das Wetter in Berlin 1950-1961’ by Paul Schraak of the Meteorological Institute of the Free University, Berlin in
Berlinische Monatsschrift
3/2001 p. 193, also available on www.berlinische-monatsschrift.de. In common with many other historical events that happened to occur during the summer months, the building of the Berlin Wall is commonly and sincerely—though incorrectly—recollected as taking place on ‘a glorious summer’s day’, with the proceedings ‘bathed in bright sunshine’ and so on and so on.
45
Interview with Joachim Trenkner as above.
46
Account of ‘parry’ at the Grosser Döllnsee in Wiegrefe, ‘Die Schandmauer’ as above. Neumann’s account in Siegfried Proskop,
Poltergeist im Politbüro: Siegfried Prokop im Gespräch mit Alfred Neumann
p. 176.
47
Testimony of Helmut Bäuml regarding the weekend of the border closure in Grimm,
Das Politbüro Privat
pp. 161f.
48
Pölzi,
Erich Honecker
p. 72.
49
Ibid. pp. 72f.
50
Ibid. p. 73.
51
Ibid. p. 74.
9 Barbed-Wire Sunday
1
Interview with Rober H. Löchner for the Cold War International History Project (WIHP) 1996, starting at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-4/lochner1.html.
2
Interview by the author with Götz Bergander, Berlin, 1 October 2004. And for the following.
3
Interview by the author with Lothar Löwe, Berlin, 29 March 2005. And for the following.
4
Nuremberg speech quoted in Merseburger,
Willy Brandt
pp. 394f.
5
Merseburger,
Willy Brandt
p. 397.
6
Copy of telegram E. Alan Lightner in Berlin to Secretary of State 10.28 a.m. 13 August 1961 Kennedy Library Boston National Security Files Box 91a.
7
Ibid.
8
Account of meeting at the
Kommandatura
drawn from Merseburger,
Willy Brandt
pp. 397f. and author’s interview with Egon Bahr as above.
9
Interview by the author with Wolfgang Baldin, Berlin, 11 August 2005.
10
Abt. Parteiorgane, Kurzinformation Nr
. 5
über die ersten Maβnahmen und Stimmen zur Durchführung des Ministerratsheschlusses vom
12.8.1961~ in BArch Berlin SAPMO DY/30/IV/2.028 Bd 43 Bl.154.
11
Kurzinformation Nr.
5 as above.
12
Inforrnation über die Wirksamkeit der Arbeit des Gegners unter der Jugend
dated 22.8.1961 in BArch Berlin SAPMO DY/30/IV/2.028 Bd 43 Bl. 228-30.
13
Account here and following from the description by Till Meyer in his autobiography,
Staatsfeind
(Enemy of the State), reprinted in the newspaper
Junge Welt
, 11 August 2001 as 13. August 1961: Treptower Park, Endstation’, Meyer later became a violent left-wing extremist and was jailed for his involvement in the ‘Movement of the 2nd June’ armed terrorist group. Among other things, the group carried out the kidnap in 1975 of the West Berlin conservative politican Peter Lorenz, who was exchanged for several imprisoned leftists. Meyer was later exposed as having been an agent of the
Stasi
throughout most of the 1970s and 1980s. He is now a freelance journalist in Berlin.
14
Interview by the author with Klaus Schulz-Ladegast, Berlin, 16 August 2005.
10 Prisoners
1
The church itself was bricked up and used as a storage room and as a kennel for the trained guard dogs that patrolled the border zone. It was finally dynamited in 1985 and the area where it had stood levelled. The few remnants left—part of the altar, the bell, parts of the metal spire, etc. were incorporated into the ‘chapel of reconciliation’ built on the site and consecrated in 2000. This chapel is now used for the service that precedes the annual laying of wreaths at the Bernauer Strasse Wall Memorial each 13 August.
2
Johannes Wendland, ‘Mit dem Feldstecher bei der Beerdigung der Oma’ in
Das Parlament
Nr 29-30 12.07.2004.
3
Opfer-der-Mauer-Liste, Polizeipräsidium Berlin.
4
Ibid.
5
Werner Filmer/Herbert Schwan,
Opfer der Mauer
p. 86f.
6
See Curtis Care,
The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisis of
1961 pp. 385f.
7
Neues Deutschland, Organ des Zentralkomitees der
SED, 14 August 1961.
8
Interview by the author with Günter Schabowski, Berlin, 10 August 2005.
9
‘Sie dürfen nicht an Schlusselfunktionen und besonders lebenswichtigen Anlagen in den
Betrieben beschaftigt werden.’ Circular from Stoph among
Sicherheitsmaβnahmen der
DDR vom 13.8.1961~ in BArch SOPMA DC/20/4333.
10
Mfs report 29 September 1961 in http://www.bstu.de/ddr/aigist61/seiten/agitations-well2.htm.