241. Muslim armed conflicts: Nineteen out of 36 armed conflicts for 2008 in the PRIO database involved a Muslim country: Israel-Hamas, Iraq–Al-Mahdi, Philippines-MILF, Sudan-JEM, Pakistan-BLA, Afghanistan-Taliban, Somalia–Al-Shabaab, Iran-Jandulla, Turkey-PKK, India–Kashmir Insurgents, Mali-ATNMC, Algeria-AQIM, Pakistan-TTP, United States–Al Qaeda, Thailand–Pattani insurgents, Niger-MNJ,Russia–CaucasusEmirate,India-PULF, Djibouti-Eritrea. Thirty of 44 foreign terrorist organizations in the U.S. State Department’s Country Reports on Terrorism 2008:
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2008/122449.htm
, accessed Apr. 21, 2010.
242. Larger Muslim armies: Payne, 1989.
244. Rarity of Muslim democracies: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007, p. 30.
245. Dubious democracies: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007, p. 30.
246. Fewer rights in Muslim countries: Pryor, 2007, pp. 155–56.
247. Cruel punishments: Payne, 2004, p. 156.
248. Oppression of women: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007, p. 117.
249. Slavery in the Muslim world: Payne, 2004, p. 156.
250. Witchcraft prosecution: A. Sandels, “Saudi Arabia: Kingdom steps up hunt for ‘witches’ and ‘black magicians,’ ”
Los Angeles Times,
Nov. 26, 2009.
251. Exaggerated culture of honor: Fattah & Fierke, 2009; Ginges & Atran, 2008.
252. Genocidal quotes: see Goldhagen, 2009, pp. 494–504; Mueller, 1989, pp. 255–56.
253.
Arab Human Development Report:
United Nations Development Programme, 2003; see also R. Fisk, “UN highlights uncomfortable truths for Arab world,”
Independent
, Jul. 3, 2002.
254. Insularity: “A special report on the Arab world,”
Economist,
Jul. 23, 2009.
255. Muslim tolerance: Lewis, 2002, p. 114.
256. Printing as desecration: Lewis, 2002, p. 142.
258. Clash of civilizations: Huntington, 1993.
259. What a billion Muslims really think: Esposito & Mogahed, 2007.
260. Muslim political organizations that endorse violence: Asal, Johnson, & Wilkenfeld, 2008.
261. Power law for terrorist attacks: Clauset & Young, 2005; Clauset et al., 2007.
262. Time to plan terrorist attacks: Mueller, 2006, p. 179.
263. Conjunction fallacy: Tversky & Kahneman, 1983.
264. Counting scenarios versus summing probabilities: Slovic et al., 1982.
265. Pay more for terrorism insurance: Johnson et al., 1993.
266. Taylor prediction: Mueller, 2010a, p. 162.
267. Allison prediction: Mueller, 2010a, p. 181.
268. Falkenrath prediction: Quoted in Parachini, 2003.
269. Negroponte and Garwin predictions: Mueller, 2010a, p. 181.
270. Expert reputations immune to falsified predictions: Gardner, 2010.
271. Assessing the risks of nuclear terrorism: Levi, 2007; Mueller, 2010a; Parachini, 2003; Schelling, 2005.
272. Not so mass destruction: Mueller, 2006; Mueller, 2010a.
273. Only three nonconventional terrorist attacks: Parachini, 2003.
274. Nations take their nukes seriously: Quoted in Mueller, 2010a, p. 166.
275. Pakistan won’t fall to extremists: Human Security Report Project, 2007, p. 19.
276. Radioactive scrap metal: Mueller, 2010a, p. 166.
277. Herculean challenges to nuclear terrorism: Quoted in Mueller, 2010a, p. 185.
278. Murphy’s Law of Nuclear Terrorism: Levi, 2007, p. 8.
279. Inevitable war with Iran: J. T. Kuhner, “The coming war with Iran: Real question is not if, but when,”
Washington Times
, Oct. 4, 2009.
280. Not the end of the world: Mueller, 2010a, pp. 153–55; Lindsay & Takeyh, 2010; Procida, 2009; Riedel, 2010; P. Scoblic, “What are nukes good for?”
New Republic
, Apr. 7, 2010.
282. Deadlines have passed: C. Krauthammer, “In Iran, arming for Armageddon,”
Washington Post,
Dec. 16, 2005. By 2009: Y. K. Halevi & M. Oren, “Contra Iran,”
New Republic
, Feb. 5, 2007.
284. “Wiping Israel off the map”: E. Bronner, “Just how far did they go, those words against Israel?”
New York Times
, Jun. 11, 2006.
285. Predictions of consequences of North Korean nukes: Mueller, 2010a, p. 150.
286. Unlikelihood of nuclear proxies: Mueller, 2010a; Procida, 2009.
287. “Too precious to waste killing people”: Schelling, 2005.
288. Climate stress as bad as nukes: T. F. Homer-Dixon, “Terror in the weather forecast,”
New York Times,
Apr. 24, 2007.
289. Climate change justifies war on terror: Quoted in S. Giry, “Climate conflicts,”
New York Times,
Apr. 9, 2007; see also Salehyan, 2008.
290. Climate change may not lead to war: Buhaug, 2010; Gleditsch, 1998; Salehyan, 2008; Theisen, 2008.
291. Terrorists are not subsistence farmers: Atran, 2003.
Chapter 7: The Rights Revolutions
1. Rough-and-tumble play: Boulton & Smith, 1992; Geary, 2010; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1987.
2. Recreational fighting: Geary, 2010; Ingle, 2004; Nisbett & Cohen, 1996.
3. Deadly ethnic riots: Horowitz, 2001.
4. Anatomy of a pogrom: Horowitz, 2001, chap. 1.
5. Reading the Riot Act: Payne, 2004, pp. 173–75.
6. American pogroms: Payne, 2004, pp. 180–81.
7. History of American lynching: Waldrep, 2002.
8. Antiblack communal violence: Payne, 2004, p. 180.
9. Decline of rioting: Payne, 2004, pp. 174, 180–82; Horowitz, 2001, p. 300.
10. Strange Fruit: “The best of the century,”
Time
, Dec. 31, 1999.
12. No more deadly ethnic riots in the West: Horowitz, 2001, p. 561.
13. 1960s riots weren’t race riots: Horowitz, 2001, pp. 300–301.
14. End of deadly ethnic riots in the West: Horowitz, 2001, p. 561.
15. Ruby Nell Bridges: Steinbeck, 1962/1997, p. 194.
16. No epidemic of hate crimes or church burnings: La Griffe du Lion, 2000; M. Fumento, “A church arson epidemic? It’s smoke and mirrors,”
Wall Street Journal
, Jul. 8, 1996.
17. No fatal violence against Muslims: Human Rights First, 2008. The closest examples were (1) the fatal assault of a Danish teenager of Turkish descent, but the police ruled out racism as a motive, and (2) video footage of the execution-style slayings of two men, possibly Dagestani and Tajik, by a Russian neo-Nazi group.
18. Policing riots: Horowitz, 2001, pp. 518–21.
19. Discriminatory policies predict ethnic violence: Gurr & Monty, 2000; Asal & Pate, 2005, pp. 32–33.
20. Decline of ethnic discrimination: Asal & Pate, 2005.
21. Discrimination around the world: Asal & Pate, 2005, pp. 35–36.
22. Discrimination in decline: Asal & Pate, 2005, p. 38.
23. Prediction of African American rampages: A. Hacker,
The end of the American era
, quoted in Gardner, 2010, p. 96.
24. “huge racial chasm”: Quote from p. 219.
25. Bell on racism: Quoted in Bobo, 2001.
26. Attitudes of whites toward blacks: Bobo, 2001; see also Patterson, 1997.
27. Dropped from questionnaires: Bobo, 2001.
28. Religious tolerance: Caplow, Hicks, & Wattenberg, 2001, p. 116.
29. Racist Bugs Bunny: Search for “racist Bugs Bunny” on
Youtube.com
.
31. Speech codes on campus: Kors & Silverglate, 1998. See also Foundation for Individual Rights in Education,
www.thefire.org
.
33. Racial “insensitivity”: Kors & Silverglate, 1998.
34. Rape in riots and genocides: Goldhagen, 2009; Horowitz, 2001; Rummel, 1994. Rape in war: Brownmiller, 1975; Rummel, 1994.
35. Traditional conceptions of rape: Brownmiller, 1975; Wilson & Daly, 1992.
36. Rape wisecrack by legal scholars: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 312.
37. Rape wisecracks by the police: Brownmiller, 1975, pp. 364–66.
38. Women barred from juries: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 296.
39. Interested parties: Thornhill & Palmer, 2000; Wilson & Daly, 1992; Jones, 1999.
40. Sexual economics: A. Dworkin, 1993, p. 119.
41. Sexual selection: Archer, 2009; Clutton-Brock, 2007; Symons, 1979; Trivers, 1972.
42. Harassment and rape in other species: Jones, 1999.
43. Risk factors for rape: Jones, 1999, 2000; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000.
44. Pregnancies from rape: Gottschall & Gottschall, 2003; Jones, 1999.
45. Sexual jealousy: Buss, 2000; Symons, 1979; Wilson & Daly, 1992.
46. Sex differences in jealousy: Buss, 2000.
47. Women as the property of men: Brownmiller, 1975; Wilson & Daly, 1992.
48. Changes in rape laws in the Middle Ages: Brownmiller, 1975. Current vestiges: Wilson & Daly, 1992.
49. Illicit jury deliberation: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 374.
50. Husband of rape victim: quote from Wilson & Daly, 1992. Divorce not uncommon: Brownmiller, 1975.
51. Evolution of abhorrence to rape: Symons, 1979; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000.
52. Agony of violation: Buss, 1989; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000.
53. Principle of autonomy: Hunt, 2007; Macklin, 2003.
54. Changes in rape law: Brownmiller, 1975.
55. Mary Astell: Quoted in Jaggar, 1983, p. 27.
56.
Newsweek
review of
A clockwork orange:
Quoted in Brownmiller, 1975, p. 302.
57. Kubrick: Quoted in Brownmiller, 1975, p. 302.
58. Marital rape: United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2003.
60. Rape may be overreported: Taylor & Johnson, 2008.
61. Junk rape statistics: Sommers, 1994, chap. 10; MacDonald, 2008.
62. Victimization survey: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Maston, 2010.
63. Changes in attitudes toward women: Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973; Twenge, 1997.
64. Abyss between the sexes: Salmon & Symons, 2001, p. 4.
65. Men underestimate, women overestimate: Buss, 1989.
66. Function of rape: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 15.
67. Myrmidons: Brownmiller, 1975, p. 209.
68. Problems with myrmidon theory: Check & Malamuth, 1985; Gottschall & Gottschall, 2001; Jones, 1999, 2000; MacDonald, 2008; Sommers, 1994; Thornhill & Palmer, 2000; Pinker, 2002, chap. 18.
69. Marxist inspiration for myrmidon theory: Brownmiller, 1975, pp. 210–11.
70. What guys want: MacDonald, 2008.
71. Motives for spousal abuse: Kimmel, 2002; Wilson & Daly, 1992.
72. Mate-guarding and domestic violence: Buss, 2000; Symons, 1979; Wilson & Daly, 1992.
73. Women as property across the world: Wilson & Daly, 1992.
74. Laws allowing husbands to chastise wives: Suk, 2009, p. 13.