The Boom (50 page)

Everything you ever wanted to know about cow emissions of natural gas can be found in the study “Model for Estimating Enteric Methane Emissions from United States Dairy and Feedlot Cattle,” cited below.

Information about US natural gas usage is from
Trends in U.S. Residential Natural Gas Consumption
, published in June 2010 by the Energy Information Administration. I read several papers and Schlumberger publications on its isolation scanner, including “Ensuring Zonal Isolation Beyond the Life of a Well” by Mario Bellabarba, Hélène Bulte-Loyer, Benoit Froelich, et al. in the Spring 2008 issue of
Oilfield Review
.

Bartlit Jr., Fred H.

. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2011.

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement.

(September 2011). Joint Marine Board report by US Coast Guard and BOEMRE.

Cooke, Claude E. “Fracturing with a High-Strength Proppant.”

29, no. 10 (October 1977): 1222–26.

———. “Radial Differential Temperature (RDT) Logging—A New Tool for Detecting and Treating Flow Behind Casing.”

31, no 6 (June 1979): 676–82.

Gold, R., and Ben Casselman. “Cementing, Mainstay of Oil Drilling, Is Prone to Failure.”

, October 30, 2010.

(CD-ROM). Houston: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009.

(CD-ROM). Houston: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010.

Meyer, Andre J., and Claude E. Cooke Jr. “Application of Radial Differential Temperature (RDT) Logging to Detect and Treat Flow Behind Casing.” Paper presented at SPWLA 20th Annual Logging Symposium, June 3–6, 1979, Tulsa.

Moore, L. P., J. E. Jones, S. H. Perlman, and T. A. Huey. “Evaluation of Precompletion Annular Gas Leaks in a Marcellus Lateral.” Paper presented at SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conference, June 5–7, 2012, Pittsburgh.

National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling.

Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2011.

Most of the details of the Perot Museum of Nature and Science come from my visit a couple weeks after it opened. I also exchanged emails with Arne Emerson, a principal at Morphosis, the architecture firm that designed the building, about the inspiration of the design.

The “insurgency” quote is from a CNBC segment titled “Oil Executive: Military-Style ‘Psy Ops’ Experience Applied” by Eamon Javers and is available at www.cnbc.com/id/45208498. (Last accessed January 2013.)

The Stanolind researcher’s use of hydrafrac treatment, see J. B. Clark, C. R. Fast, and G. C. Howard, “A Multiple-Fracturing Process for Increasing the Productivity of Wells” in
Drilling and Production Practice
(1952). I also learned about the history of the words
frak
and
frack
in
Battlestar Galactica
from Ron Moore, who won a Peabody Award in 2006 as a writer and producer. Chris Pappas, a collector of
Battlestar Galactica
–related materials, provided the 1978 writer’s guide with the original spelling of
frack
. The Associated Press wrote a story about the word
frak
sweeping “geek nation” in 2008.

Details of the Southlake battle over fracking is mostly from local news reports, supplemented by interviews with participants and a review of Southlake files and legal documents. The Bartonville material comes from interviews with Ron Robertson and a review of its Ordinance 526-11 issued in October 2011. I also relied on the Texas Railroad Commission’s “RRC Public GIS Map Viewer” and related documents.

A good overview of Germany’s
Energiewende
can be found in Osha Gray Davidson’s chapbook, cited below. Another fascinating article, and the source of the “fighting for its economic survival” quote, is “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros” in the
Economist
’s October 12, 2013, edition. The Rex Tillerson quote “If you want to live by the precautionary principle . . .” is from an article in
Fortune
by Brian O’Keefe on April 16, 2012, titled “Exxon’s Big Bet on Shale Gas.”

I mentioned that the industry has more than doubled the number of wells drilled in a decade. The Energy Information Administration reports the number of oil and gas wells drilled in the United States as follows: 54,302 in 2008 and 22,911 in 1998. These wells were also longer, on average, according to EIA records of the total footage of wells drilled.

Information about Wyoming’s ozone problems are briefly discussed in the Shale Energy Advisory Board’s
Ninety-Day Report
, cited below. The report cites a July 2011 presentation from the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, which I also reviewed. The board’s
Second Ninety-Day Report
discusses how wells can emit methane and other pollutants. The EPA, in August 2012, reported 0.078 part per million of ozone in Sublette County, Wyoming. Chicago and Phoenix reported 0.077 part per million. This information can be found at www.epa.gov/airtrends/values.html and clicking on the ozone information link. (Last accessed May 2013.) The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality benzene finding was from a Railroad Commission notice issued in March 2010 and available at www.rrc.state.tx.us/forms/reports/notices/airemission21010.pdf. (Last accessed August 2013.) Another source of information about air emissions from oil and gas operations is the June 2012 testimony by Environmental Defense Fund president Fred Krupp before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety.

Information about the health impact assessment in Battlement Mesa, Colorado, was published in an
American Journal of Public Health
article titled “The Use of Health Impact Assessment for a Community Undergoing Natural Gas Development.” The article was published online in April 2013. I also interviewed one of the authors, Lisa McKenzie, who said it was the first such assessment of shale-related development. The Health Impact Project, a collaboration between Pew Charitable Trusts and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, tracks these assessments. Its website is www.healthimpactproject.org.

For a broad discussion of the macroeconomic and geopolitical implications of rising US crude oil production, please see the Morse publication cited below as well as Michael Levi’s book, especially chapter 3.

The OPEC quote about the impact of the shale boom on US imports comes from the
Wall Street Journal
article “Beijing is Set to Overtake the U.S. as World’s Largest Importer of Oil,” by Benoît Faucon in the April 4, 2013, edition.

Alan Greenspan provided testimony to the Congressional Joint Economic Committee on November 3, 2005. Steve Coll, in
Private Empire
, cited above, provides evidence that Lee Raymond was Greenspan’s tutor.

Details on the Nucor upgrader is from an article I wrote in the February 8, 2012,
Wall Street Journal
titled “Oil and Gas Boom Lifts U.S. Economy” and came from an interview with company president John Ferriola. Information about industrial investment in the United States is from Nancy Lamb at Dow Chemical. She provided me with the company’s December 2012 version of a presentation it titled “Industry to Invest $90 Billion in Manufacturing Renaissance.”

The Zaki Yamani quote is famous and can be found, among other places, in the
Economist
’s October 23, 2003, issue in an article titled “The End of the Oil Age.” The “There is always either too much or too little” quote is from Paul H. Frankel,
The Essentials of Petroleum: A Key to Oil Economics,
3rd ed. (London: Frank Cass, 1983). Thanks to Phil Verleger for helping me track down the quote—and for suggesting the Pandora’s box metaphor.

At the time of this writing, there was a relatively small number of important studies on methane leakage. I have no doubt that more will follow. I relied on the Howarth letter—referred to as the Cornell study—and the article by O’Sullivan and Paltsev, cited below. In the O’Sullivan article, the supplemental materials sections S3 and S4 were particularly helpful.

Davidson, Osha Gray.

. New York: Inside Climate News, 2012.

Howarth, Robert W., Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea. “Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations: A Letter.”

106, no. 4 (2011): 679–90.

Levi, Michael.

. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Morse, Edward L., Eric G. Lee, Daniel P. Ahn, Aakash Doshi, Seth M. Kleinman, and Anthony Yeun.

Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions.

http://fa.smithbarney.com//files/03/62/98/f036298/public/projectfiles/ce1d2d99-c133-4343-8ad0-43aa1da63cc2.pdf

. (Last accessed April 2013.)

O’Sullivan, Francis, and Sergey Paltsev. “Shale Gas Production: Potential Versus Actual Greenhouse Gas Emissions.”

7, no. 4 (2012).

Secretary of Energy Advisory Board.

Washington, DC: August 2011.

———.

Washington, DC: November 2011.

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Index

air pollution,

248

,

309

Alaska,

19

,

80

Amarillo-to-Chicago pipeline,

93

,

102

American Clean Skies Foundation,

249

–50

American Energy Operations,

180

American Energy Partners,

208

–9

American Petroleum Institute,

280

Amoco,

72

,

95

,

134

,

142

–43

Anadarko Petroleum,

188

,

216

–17,

296

Argonaut Energy,

102

Arkansas,

3

,

130

,

155

,

192

,

205

Armstrong, Hannah,

212

,

214

Armstrong, Peter,

212

–14

Arnold, John,

199

,

201

Arthur Andersen,

173

–74

Atlantic Richfield (Arco),

105

,

134

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC),

80

–82

Austin, Tex.,

28

,

56

,

242

–43,

246

–47

Austin Chalk,

176

–77,

179

,

197

Bakersfield, Calif.,

99

,

283

,

292

Bakken Shale:

employment in,

46

,

52

extent of,

55

,

57

and fracking of Irene Kovaloff,

38

–49,

51

–54,

60

–62

and fracking of Olson,

54

–57

in future,

58