The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (55 page)

Read The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics Online

Authors: Andrew Small

Tags: #Non-Fiction

U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian,
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980: Volume XIII, China, Document 290
, U.S. 7 Jan.1980,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977–80v13/d290,
last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

U.S. Embassy Pakistan Cable 15696 to State Department, “Pakistan Nuclear Issue: Meeting with General Zia’” October 17, 1982, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive State Department Mandatory Declassification Review release. Obtained and contributed by William Burr and included in NPIHP Research Update #6,
http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114254,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

U.S. State Department Archive, “Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971, Document 179”, U.S. State Department Archive, Washington DC, 4 Nov. 1971,

http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969–76v11/d179,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

^_______“Conversation Between President Nixon and his Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, December 6, 1971, 6:14–6:38 p.m.”, Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972. Available at
http://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48535.htm

U.S. State Department, Office of the Spokesman, “U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue 2011 Outcomes of the Strategic Track’” 10 May 2011,
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/05/162967.htm,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

U.S. State Department Cable, “Action Request On U.S.-China Joint Assistance
To Afghanistan”, 22 January 2010. Available at
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10STATE6320_a.html

U.S. State Department Cable, Aubrey Carlson, “China Standing by on Afghanistan and Pakistan”, 9 March 2009. Available at
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09beijing606_a.html

U.S. State Department Cable, Aubrey Carlson, “SRAP Holbrooke’s April 15 dinner with Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi”, 20 April 2009,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09BEIJING1046_a.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

U.S. State Department Cable, “Aynak Copper: Details Of Winning Chinese Bid Remain Elusive”, 27 Nov. 2007,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07KABUL3933_a.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

U.S. State Department Cable, “Chinese Firm Again Frontrunner For Major Afghan Mining Contract”, 7 Nov. 2009,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09KABUL3574_a.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

U.S. State Department Cable, “Chinese Firm Re-Thinks Afghan Mining Contract After Difficulties Of The Aynak Copper Mine Project”, 10 Dec. 2009,
http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=09BEIJING3295,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

U.S. State Department Cable, Clark T. Randt, Jr., “Ambassador Presses MFA AFM Liu On Nuclear Suppliers Group Draft Exception For India”, 3 Sep. 2008,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BEIJING3401_a.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

U.S. State Department Cable, “Competing Perceptions of PRC Activities”, U12 Dec. 2009,
wikileaks.org/cable/2009/12/09BEIJING3287.html,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

U.S. State Department Media Note, “List of U.S.-China Cooperative Projects”, Office of the Spokesperson, 22 Jan. 2014,
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/01/220530.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan”, 1 Dec. 2009,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-address-nation-way-forward-afghanistan-and-pakistan,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

Wikileaks, “Ambassador Presses Mfa Afm Liu On Nuclear Suppliers Group Draft Exception For India”, 3 September 2008. Available at Http://www.Wikileaks.Org/Plusd/Cables/08beijing3401_A.xhtml

World Development Indicators, World Bank,
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/PK?display=graph,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book could not have been written without the help of a great number of friends, family, colleagues, supporters, and sources.

I would first like to thank my colleagues at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, especially on the Asia team, who gave me the time and space to complete the manuscript over the last year amid all the day-to-day demands of a busy think-tank, and were a tremendous source of ideas, contacts, and practical assistance. I am hugely indebted to Craig Kennedy for all his support and advice over the years, and to Dan Twining for our fantastic partnership on the Asia program. Other colleagues at GMF have also been a great help. Dhruva Jaishankar read sections of the manuscript and opened many doors in New Delhi—the opportunity to discuss these topics with K. Subrahmanyam and Brajesh Mishra in the same day was particularly memorable. Yuxi Zhao was a phenomenal research assistant, tracing sources, translating material, cross-checking footnotes, and tracking down every imaginable book and article. Sophie Dembinski worked tirelessly through late nights and weekends on editing, footnoting, and trouble-shooting in the final stages of the writing process. Wenxin Lin and Charles Goodyear helped with the glossary and acronyms. Louise Langeby was a valued travelling companion and intellectual partner in Pakistan. My bosses at GMF—Ian Lesser, Enders Wimbush, and Ivan Vejvoda—gave me the backing I needed at different stages in the process. And I’m also grateful to my other colleagues on the Asia program—Sharon Stirling-Woolsey and Dan Kliman—and to many in GMF’s Brussels office, including Corinna Horst and the late, still-missed Ron Asmus.

Many of the trips, seminars and conferences that fed into the work also took place under the auspices of GMF and its partners. Most important of these has been the Stockholm China Forum, generously supported by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and jointly managed with my friend and collaborator Borje Ljunggren. GMF’s Pakistan Paris workshops, organized with Frederic Grare during his time at the French Ministry of Defence, were also a very helpful input. The earliest work I did on the subject was sparked by comments at a GMF event by Bob Zoellick, without which I might never have embarked on this research in the first place. Under the leadership of Craig Kennedy, and now Karen Donfried, GMF has been a wonderful home for me for the past eight years and continues to go from strength to strength.

In Pakistan, Hamayoun Khan was always exceptionally kind with his time and his contacts during my visits to Islamabad; he knows Sino-Pakistani relations exceptionally well, and without his insights my understanding of the subject would have been much poorer. I would also like to convey my appreciation to Mirwais Nab—his analysis of Sino-Afghan relations and broader strategic issues, and his helpful introductions, were invaluable, from the days when we were both living in Beijing, through his stint in Kabul, and now in Washington, DC. A number of other still-serving government officials and others with official affiliations in China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, the United States, the EU, the UK, France, and Germany have been very generous with their time and advice, most of whom I am unable to thank by name here. Without their willingness to share information and analysis, a book of this nature would have been extremely difficult to write.

I have also benefited enormously from the work of the still-relatively-small gang of individuals working on these topics in Europe and the United States. Given some of the research challenges involved, it is very helpful that it is such a mutually supportive group. On the US side, Evan Feigenbaum is the person whose thinking on the field of East Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia I have appreciated learning from most over the years, and I’m still hugely grateful for all his support and advice. I benefited greatly from being able to join a number of sessions at the Council on Foreign Relations organized by Dan Markey, who also gave me very helpful pointers after reading an early draft of the manuscript, and whose own research on the emerging issues in this field is some of the most interesting new material out there. David Sedney was a font of
wisdom on Chinese policy and the strategic picture in the whole region. Barney Rubin’s recent work on Sino-US collaboration in Afghanistan and Pakistan has been hugely valuable, as have the roundtables that Jeff Payne has put together at NDU. In Europe, Raff Pantucci has been a constant source of tips, ideas and excellent analysis across a range of the issues covered in this book. Mathieu Duchatel produced some great work on Sino-Pakistani relations that I drew on during his time at Centre Asie. I met one of the European experts who has been doing some of the best work on the ground in Xinjiang and Pakistan, Alessandro Rippa, in Karimabad as the result of a tweet about tunnels while on my way up the KKH… I’m also grateful to Isaac Stonefish at
Foreign Policy
and Alex Lennon at the
Washington Quarterly
for publishing some of the more widely-circulated pieces I wrote on these subjects. April Rabkin was a great partner for my first visit to Afghanistan and Eva Gross was the biggest source of encouragement for getting out there in the first place. Emma Graham-Harrison kindly shared many of her Kabul contacts with me, and Jon Boone helpfully put me in contact with fixers in Peshawar and Gilgit. In Beijing (where we still hope he will return), Chris Buckley has been a regular sounding board and source of insight for an array of China-related developments over the last decade.

As the book has come towards its later stages, I have been grateful to the various people who have helped to improve and promote it. Tanvi Madan put together a tremendously helpful workshop at Brookings, drawing on some of the chapter drafts, that pulled in many of the leading Sinologists and South Asia hands from around town, and was chaired and very generously introduced by Stephen Cohen. Ziad Haider, whose work on China and Pakistan I had admired long before I started to work in this area, was my counterpart at that event and at a number of others since—his comments and analysis have been extremely helpful and I am well aware that he could have written a better book on the subject himself. I’m also grateful to David Ignatius and Maleeha Lodhi, who took part in a session at Brussels Forum that was partly a preview for the book. The two anonymous peer reviewers also provided comments that were very helpful indeed.

This book came about thanks to the initiative of Michael Dwyer at Hurst—the day I received his intriguing voicemail message was the first point at which I considered turning my research on this subject into a monograph. I am very grateful for his approaching me with the idea and
patiently shepherding me through the whole publishing process, as well as everyone else at Hurst.

The single person who has done more than anyone else to help bring the book into existence is Amy Studdart, who was involved in so many elements of the conception and execution of the whole project that they are too extensive to list—I really cannot thank her enough for her support. Mark Leonard gave me my first break in the world of foreign policy and has been a great friend and mentor ever since. His advice on all sorts of aspects on this book was invaluable. Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt has been my collaborator over the last eight years of working on Chinese foreign policy and I have benefited constantly from all her insights and intelligence. Kirsty McNeill went closely through the draft text, made a running set of jokes about Gwadar, and was a wonderful friend throughout. Very special thanks are also owed to Zoe Flood, who went through multiple iterations of the book, transformed the quality of the text, and was a constant source of support and ideas from the earliest plans to the very final stages. I received many other kind offers of help from friends over the course of working on the book, not all of which I took up, but were always greatly appreciated—as was everyone’s forbearance during some of the most intense phases of the process.

Finally, my family have been an amazing source of advice and support throughout, as always. Without their love and their backing, none of this would have been possible.

INDEX

Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
44
,
155
–
7
,
176
,
184

Abdul Bari, Maulana
78

Abdullah ibn Abdilazīz, king of Saudi Arabia
43

Abdur Rahman Khan, emir of Afghanistan
122

Abu Yahya al-Libi
87
,
146

Adel, Mohammad Ibrahim
119

Aden, Yemen
104

Afghan National Army (ANA)
138

Afghanistan
x
,
xi
,
xii
,
35
–
6
,
69
,
72
,
74
–
6
,
77
–
9
,
81
–
3
,
89
,
109
,
114
,
117
–
43
,
146
,
148
,
150
–
3
,
157
–
62
,
163
,
176
,
179
,
185
,
187