The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (369 page)

 
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(1817–67).
Scottish painter. He began as a specialist in paintings of Scottish life and character in the manner of
Wilkie
, but following visits to Spain in 1851, 1856, and 1860 he became celebrated for picturesque Spanish
genre
scenes and was known as ‘Spanish’ Phillip or ‘Phillip of Spain’. His style was fluent and colourful, often with a picture postcard flavour. He also painted portraits.

 
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(1886–1966).
American collector and writer on art. He devoted much of his substantial inheritance (the family fortune had been made in steel and glass) to collecting, following his own judgement. Mainly he bought the work of late 19th and 20th cent. artists, and when he opened his Washington home to the public (three afternoons a week) in 1921 it represented the first permanent museum of modern art in the USA. It proved so popular that Phillips made the house over completely as a gallery and moved to another home. The Phillips Collection retains its intimate, domestic air, and is widely regarded as one of the world's finest small museums. Its star exhibit is
Renoir's
celebrated
Luncheon of the Boating Party
(1880–1). As a writer on art Phillips is best known for his book
The Leadership of Giorgione
(1937). He also edited a short-lived periodical,
Art and Understanding
(1929).

 
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(1939– ).
British painter. He studied at the
Royal College of Art
, 1959–62, and with his fellow students Derek
Boshier
, David
Hockney
, Allen
Jones
, and R. B.
Kitaj
emerged as one of the leading exponents of British
Pop art
at the
Young Contemporaries
exhibition in 1961. Typically his imagery is drawn from modern American culture—juke boxes, pinball machines, automobiles, film star pinups and so on—painted in the tight, glossy manner of commercial art. However, the images are usually set into bold heraldic frameworks or fragmented into sections and reorganized, so that illusionism and abstraction are combined.

 
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Photographic Realism
.

See
SUPER-REALISM
.

 
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photomontage
.

Term applied to a technique of making a pictorial composition from parts of different photographs and to the composition so made. Photomontage was popularized by the
Dadaists
as a method for political propaganda, social criticism, and generally to assist the shock tactics in which they indulged.
Heartfield
was perhaps the most brilliant of all exponents of the technique. Photomontage has also been memorably used by, for example, Max
Ernst
and other
Surrealists
and by
Pop artists
such as Richard
Hamilton
, but it is now mainly associated with advertising.

 
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