1
L. Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches
, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 39, 42–3. Reproduced by permission.
2
M. Vrochenskii,
Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia
(Kiev, 1893), p. 9; N. Berg,
Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole
(Moscow, 1855), p. 15.
3
Tolstoy,
Sebastopol Sketches
, p. 43; E. Ershov,
Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh
(St Petersburg, 1858), p. 29.
4
M. Bot’anov,
Vospominaniia sevastopoltsa i kavkatsa 45 let spustia
(Vitebsk, 1899), p. 6.
5
E. Totleben,
Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 218;
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1857), p. 7;
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii: Pis’ma iz kryma i Sevastopolia
(Moscow, 1855), p.19; WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Airey, 4 Oct. 1854; FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 8 Oct. 1854.
6
Tolstoy’s Letters
, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 44. The scene was reproduced in
Sebastopol Sketches
(p. 57).
7
S. Gershel’man,
Nravstvennyi element pod Sevastopolem
(St Petersburg, 1897), p. 84; R. Egerton,
Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War
(London, 2000), p. 91.
8
E. Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 38; Gershel’man,
Nravstvennyi element
, pp. 70–71; Totleben,
Opisanie
, vol. 1, pp. 198 ff.; J. Herbé,
Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient
(Paris, 1892), p. 133.
9
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5613, 1. 12; N. Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia
, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 2, p. 31.
10
NAM 1968–07–292 (Cathcart to Raglan, 27 Sept. 1854); NAM 1983–11–13–310 (12 Oct. 1854).
11
E. Perret,
Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856
(Paris, 1889), pp. 142–4; Baron de Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol
, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 343–8.
12
NAM 1982–12–29–13 (Letter, 12 Oct. 1854).
13
H. Clifford,
Letters and Sketches from the Crimea
(London, 1956), p. 69; E. Wood,
The Crimea in 1854 and 1894
(London, 1895), pp. 88–9.
14
S. Calthorpe,
Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff
(London, 1858), p. 111.
15
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii
, p. 16.
16
V. Bariatinskii,
Vospominaniia 1852–55 gg
. (Moscow, 1904), pp. 39–42; A. Seaton,
The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle
(London, 1977), pp. 126–9.
17
NAM 1969–01–46 (Private journal, 17 Oct. 1854);
Den’ i noch’ v Sevastopole: Stseny iz boevoi zhizni (iz zapisok artillerista)
(St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 7, 11.
18
A. Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 1889), p. 30; WO 28/188, Lushington to Airey, 18 Oct. 1854.
19
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea
, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), p. 87.
20
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii
, p. 16.
21
WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Raglan, 6 Oct. 1854; J. Spilsbury,
The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War
(London, 2005), p. 138.
22
Calthorpe,
Letters
, p. 125; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), p. 125; H. Rappaport,
No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War
(London, 2007), pp. 82–3.
23
D. Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking: The Crimean War Reminiscences of John Elijah Blunt, Civilian Interpreter’,
Crimean War Research Society: Special Publication
, 33 (n.d.), pp. 24, 32, 55.
24
Mrs Duberly’s War
, p. 93; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), pp. 119–20; W. Munro,
Records of Service and Campaigning in Many Lands
, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 2, p. 88.
25
H. Franks,
Leaves from a Soldier’s Notebook
(London, 1904), p. 80; NAM 1958–04–32 (Forrest letter, 27 Oct. 1854).
26
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 155–6; H. Small,
The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars
(Stroud, 2007), pp. 71–2.
27
Small,
The Crimean War
, pp. 73–82.
28
R. Portal,
Letters from the Crimea, 1854–55
(Winchester, 1900), p. 112. For a version of events that has Nolan trying to redirect the charge, see D. Austin, ‘Nolan Did Try to Redirect the Light Brigade’,
War Correspondent
, 23/4 (2006), pp. 20–21.
29
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 161–2.
30
S. Kozhukov, ‘Iz krymskikh vospominanii o poslednei voine’,
Russkii arkhiv
, 2 (1869), pp. 023–025.
31
G. Paget,
The Light Cavalry Brigade in the Crimea
(London, 1881), p. 73.
32
Mrs Duberly’s War
, p. 95.
33
Small,
The Crimean War
, pp. 64, 86–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5585, l. 31; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 144–7.
34
N. Woods,
The Past Campaign: A Sketch of the War in the East
, 2 vols. (London, 1855), vol. 2, pp. 12–14; Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking’, pp. 54–6.
35
N. Dubrovin,
349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia
(St Petersburg, 2005), p. 91; A. Tiutcheva,
Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882
(Moscow, 1928–9), p. 161.
36
A. Kinglake,
The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan
, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 5, pp. 1–24.
37
NAM 1963–11–151 (Letter, 27 Oct. 1854); NAM 1986–03–103 (Letter, 31 Oct. 1854).
38
Tarle,
Krymskaia voina
, vol. 2, p. 140.
39
B. Gooch,
The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War
(The Hague, 1959), p. 145.
40
NAM 1994–02–172 (Letter, 22 Feb. 1855).
41
Khrushchev,
Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia
, pp. 38–42; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, pp. 161–4.
42
A.
Andriianov,
Inkermanskii boi i oborona Sevastopolia (nabroski uchastnika)
(St Petersburg, 1903), p. 16.
43
Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 194–5; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 196–8.
44
NAM 1968–07–264–1 (‘The 95th Regiment at Inkerman’).
46
Andriianov,
Inkermanskii boi
, p. 20.
47
P. Alabin,
Chetyre voiny: Pokhodnye zapiski v voinu 1853, 1854, 1855 i 1856 godov
, 2 vols. (Viatka, 1861), vol. 2, pp. 74–5; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 203–5.
48
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, pp. 211–12.
49
G. Higginson,
Seventy-One Years of a Guardsman’s Life
(London, 1916), pp. 197–8; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 5, pp. 221–57.
50
R. Hodasevich,
A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege
(London, 1856), pp. 190–8; Seaton,
The Crimean War
, p. 169.
51
L. Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie
(Paris, 1869), p. 278.
52
J. Cler,
Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves
(New York, 1860), p. 211;
Historique de 2e Régiment de Zouaves 1830–1887
(Oran, 1887), pp. 66–7.
53
Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, p. 214.
54
Higginson,
Seventy-One Years
, p. 200; Spilsbury,
Thin Red Line
, p. 232.
55
Seaton,
The Crimean War
, pp. 175–6.
56
M. O. Cullet,
Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856
(Lyon, 1894), p. 112.
57
Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 281–3.
58
Woods,
The Past Campaign
, vol. 2, pp. 143–4; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, p. 278; Cler,
Reminiscences
, p. 216; A. de Damas,
Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée
(Paris, 1857), p. 70.
60
Cler,
Reminiscences
, pp. 219–20.
61
RA VIC/MAIN/F/1/36 (Colonel E. Birch Reynardson to Colonel Phipps, Sebastopol, 7 Nov.); H. Drummond,
Letters from the Crimea
(London, 1855), p. 75;
A Knouting for the Czar! Being Some Words on the Battles of Inkerman, Balaklava and Alma by a Soldier
(London, 1855), pp. 5–9.
62
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5634, ll. 1–18; Bazancourt,
The Crimean Expedition
, pp. 116–17; Noir,
Souvenirs d’un simple zouave
, pp. 278–9; Kinglake,
Invasion of the Crimea
, vol. 5, pp. 324, 460–63.
63
FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 7 Nov. 1854.
64
Small,
The Crimean War
, p. 209.
65
NAM 1984–09–31–63 (Letter, 7 Nov. 1854);
Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia
, pp. 11, 15; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5629, 1. 7; d. 5687, 1. 1; Dubrovin,
Istoriia krymskoi voiny
, vol. 2, p. 384.