The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (54 page)

28
. H. Rose to Admiral Dundas, 5 March 1853, Add. MSS 42801; Rose to Clarendon, 6 March, FO 78/930/73.

29
. Stratford to Clarendon, 11 April 1853, FO 78/931/12. See also the valuable article by J.L. Herkless, ‘Stratford, the Cabinet and
the Outbreak of the Crimean War’,
HJ
, vol. 18 iii (1975), pp. 497–523.

30
. Blakely’s report, 23 April 1853, Stratford de Redcliffe Papers, FO 352/36; Slade’s report, 21 May, is enclosed in Stratford
to Clarendon, 28 May, FO 78/932/70.

31
. Herkless, loc. cit., pp. 498, 501, 522.

32
. Palmer,
Banner of Battle
, p. 20.

33
. Stratford to Clarendon, 14 August 1853, FO 78/939/220.

34
. Palmer, op. cit., p. 23.

35
. Vatikiotis,
History of Modern Egypt
, p. 72; Temp., p. 346.

36
. Temp., p. 475; Herkless, loc. cit., p. 517.

37
. Temp., p. 363.

Chapter 9: Dolmabahche

1
. J. Curtiss,
Russia’s Crimean War
, pp. 186–8.

2
. Palmer,
Banner of Battle
, pp. 30–2.

3
. Rose’s Journal, 25 October 1854, Add. MSS 42837.

4
. On Kars: A.J. Barker,
The Vainglorious War
, pp. 274–9.

5
. Shaws, p. 140; Lewis, p. 115; see also the biographical entries in
EI
i and
EI
ii.

6
. Text of treaties, Hurst,
Key Treaties
, vol. 1, pp. 317–37. For Palmerston’s comments, see his letter to Clarendon, 26
September 1855, Add. MSS 48579. On the receipt, see also Shaws, pp. 87, 124–5, 140; Lewis, pp. 113–15 and 131; Davison,
Reform
, pp. 52–80.

7
. Anderson, pp. 156–7.

8
. Lewis, p. 339; Shaws, pp. 116 and 141.

9
. R.G. Richardson,
Nurse Sarah Anne
, p. 80; Cook;
Florence Nightingale
, p. 85.

10
. Charles Gordon to Lord Aberdeen, 10 May 1854, Add. MSS 43225.

11
. Celik Gulbersoy’s
Dolmabahche
is a beautifully illustrated book which, though written in Turkish, gives non-Turkish readers
a clear impression of the palace’s magnificence.

12
. Shaws, pp. 63, 82–3.

13
. For a detailed study of the effect of the electric telegraph in the Ottoman Empire, see Davison,
Essays
, pp. 133–65.

14
. Vatikiotis,
History of Modern Egypt
, pp. 71–4, 84.

15
. See Sumner, p. 140.

16
. Lebanon settlement: Holt,
Egypt and Fertile Crescent
, p. 241; text of Lebanon statute of 1861, Hurewitz, I, pp. 165–68;
Hurst,
Key Treaties
, vol. 1, pp. 408–10.

17
. Queen Victoria to Crown Princess of Prussia, 13 July 1867, R. Fulford (ed.),
Your Dear Letter
, p. 143.

18
. Shaws, pp. 83–91, 106–11, 119.

19
. Lewis, pp. 145–51; Shaws, pp. 130–3.

20
. Edward Hornby,
Autobiography
, p. 74, cited by Davison,
Essays
, p. 111.

21
. Sumner, p. 101; H. Feis,
Europe, The World’s Banker
, pp. 312–4; C. Issawi,
Economic History of Turkey
, pp.
321–4.

22
. Queen Victoria to Crown Princess of Prussia, 20 July 1867, Fulford, op. cit., p. 145;
The Times
, 19 July 1867.

23
. Sumner, p. 103.

24
. C. Issawi,
Economic History of the Middle East
, pp. 90–1.

25
. Shaws, p. 153.

26
. Sumner, p. 101; Shaws, pp. 154–6.

27
. R.W. Seton-Watson,
Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question
, pp. 32 and 37; A.P. Vacalopoulos,
History of Thessaloniki
,
pp. 116–20.

28
.
Sir Henry Elliot,
Some Revolutions and Other Diplomatic Experiences
, p. 231; Lewis, pp. 156–8;
Shaws, p. 163.

29
. Davison,
Reform
, pp. 330–9; Alderson, p. 69; J. Haslip,
The Sultan
, pp. 70–2.

30
. Davison,
Reform
, pp. 317–49, while his Appendix D (p. 418) discusses the fate of Abdulaziz. For Çerkes Hasan affair
see also: Shaws, p. 164; Lewis, p. 159; Alderson, p. 70.

31
. H. Elliot to Lord Derby, 17 August 1876, FO 78/2462/867; Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 36.

32
.
The Times
, 3 August 1876, printing a report from Therapia dated 26 July.

33
. Elliot to Derby, 25 September 1876, FO 78/2464/1079.

Chapter 10: Yildiz

1
. J. Haslip,
The Sultan
,
p.
84; cf. the extract from Pierre Loti’s
Aziyade
in L. Kelly (ed.),
Istanbul
, pp.
208–10. See also R. Devereux,
The First Ottoman Constitutional Period
, pp. 41–6.

2
. H. Elliot to Derby, 15 September 1876, FO 78/2463/1016.

3
. Haslip, op. cit., pp. 76–8; Shaws, p. 172; for Sir Henry Elliot and ‘the Englishman’ see his dispatch to Lord Derby, 27
August 1876, FO 78/2462/915.

4
. Constitution of 1876: R. Devereux, op. cit., p. 80; Davison,
Reform
, pp. 358–408; and the article ‘Dustur’ by
Bernard Lewis in
EI
ii. See also Shaws, pp. 174–8.

5
. Sumner, pp. 198–234; Seton-Watson,
Disraeli, Gladstone, etc.
, pp. 51–105.

6
. Kenneth Rose,
The Later Cecils
, p. 62, citing from the Hatfield archives (C51/1–2) a private letter from Salisbury to Lord
Robert Cecil, 25 December 1876.

7
. Kennedy,
Salisbury
, p. 100; Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 133–7; Sumner, pp. 235–51. See also the diary kept during the
ambassadors’ conference by the German diplomat C.A. Busch and edited by one of his colleagues, Leopold Raschdau, for publication in
Deutsche Rundschau
, vol. 141 (Berlin, 1909),
especially pp. 22–7.

8
. Ali Haydar Midhat,
Midhat Pasha
, p. 145; Devereux, op. cit., p. 110; Davison,
Reforms,
pp. 400–2.

9
. For the elections and composition of parliament see Devereux, op. cit., pp. 123–45; opening ceremony, ibid., pp. 108–13.

10
. Sumner, p. 271; Anderson, p. 193.

11
. Sumner, pp. 319–33 and 339.

12
. Devereux, op. cit., pp. 186–7.

13
. Layard to Derby, 30 April and 18 May 1877, cited from Add. MSS by Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 207.

14
.
Layard to Beaconsfield, 5 February 1878, ibid., p. 354.

15
. Devereux, op. cit., pp. 236–48.

16
. Sumner, p. 373; Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 311.

17
. Layard to Derby, 15 February 1878, copy in Add. MSS 39131; cf. Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 317.

18
. Derby to Layard, 14 February 1878, Add. MSS 39137; cf. Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 331–2.

19
. E. Corti,
The Downfall of Three Dynasties
, p. 241.

20
. Joan Haslip,
The Sultan
, p. 131.

21
. Text of San Stefano Treaty: Sumner, pp. 627–37; Hurst,
Key Treaties
, vol.2, pp. 528–46.

22
. Anderson, pp. 210–16; Sumner, pp. 434–8.

23
. Layard to Derby, 13 March 1878, FO 195/1176/343. For ‘place of arms’ proposals, Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 324–5.

24
. Sumner, pp. 475–95 and 637–51.

25
. Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 325 and p. 423.

26
. Sumner, p. 510, citing Colonel Dmitri Anuchin’s diary, from
Russkaya Starina
, vol. 150.

27
. Lewis, p. 172; Shaws, p. 189.

28
. Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 427–9.

29
. Shaws, pp. 213–25, using Yildiz Palace archives; Haslip, op. cit., p. 184; Kinross,
Ottoman Centuries
, pp. 533–5.

30
. Haslip, op. cit., pp. 152–3. Sir Edwin Pears’s
Life of Abdul-Hamid
was written by a diplomat with considerable
personal knowledge of Yildiz and supplements his
Forty Years at Constantinople.
G. Dorys,
Abdul Hamid Intime
, and Paul Regla,
Les Secrets de Yildiz
, are good quarries for
fiction; they were written during Abdulhamid’s later years.

31
. Layard to Sir Henry Elliot, 5 July 1878, Add. MSS 39138. See also Sumner, p. 506 and Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 419–20 and
509–12.

32
. Berlin Treaty text: Sumner, pp. 658–69; Hurst,
Key Treaties
, vol. 2, pp. 551–77.

33
. Stratford de Redcliffe,
The Eastern Question
, p. 49.

34
. Lewis, p. 447; C. Issawi,
Economic History of Turkey
, pp. 361–5; D.C. Blaisdell,
European Financial Control in the
Ottoman Empire
, pp. 88–93; Shaws, p. 223 and p. 225.

Chapter 11: The Hamidian Empire

1
. Sumner, pp. 563–8; Anderson, pp. 227–31; C. Jelavich,
Tsarist Russia and Balkan Nationalism
, pp. 215–43; R.
Crampton,
A History of Bulgaria 1878–1918
, pp. 85–114.

2
. P.J. Vatikiotis,
History of Modern Egypt
, p. 73.

3
.
For Ismail: P. Holt,
Egypt and the Fertile Crescent
, pp. 195–210. See also Anderson, pp. 242–3,
and M.E. Yapp,
Making of the Modern Near East
, pp. 213–32.

4
. Anderson, pp. 244–51; Lewis, p. 402; Yapp, op. cit., p. 181.

5
. Foreign Office to Treasury, 7 November 1898, FO 78/4967, cited by G. Papadopoulos,
England and the Near East
, p. 27.

6
. Layard to Beaconsfield, 1 August 1877, copy Add. MSS 39137.

7
. E.M. Earle,
Turkey, the Great Powers and the Baghdad Railway
, pp. 107–10.

8
. Ulrich Trumpener in Kent, pp. 115–16; Goltz,
Denkwürdigkeiten
, pp. 120–6.

9
. Intelligence report of 22 May 1890, enclosure in FO 195/2053.

10
. Shaws, p. 246; Langer, p. 160.

11
. Full account is in Sir Charles Eliot (‘Odysseus’),
Turkey in Europe
, pp. 115–17; a long extract is in Laurence
Kelly,
Istanbul
, pp. 272–3.

12
. White to Salisbury, 17 August 1888, FO 78/4102/320, cited in C.L. Smith,
The Embassy of Sir William White
, p. 116. For comments on
the railway terminus see Frances Elliot’s account of arriving by train, printed in Kelly, op. cit., pp. 259–60.

13
. H. Nicolson,
Lord Carnock
, pp. 88–9.

Chapter 12: Armenia, Crete and the Thirty-Day War

1
. A.O. Sarkissian,
History of the Armenian Question
, chapters 1–2.

2
. S.H. Longrigg,
Oil in the Middle East
, p. 13. See also on Armenians: Langer, chapter 5; Sumner, pp. 16–17, 513, 547, 572; and
L. Arpee,
The Armenian Awakening, History of the Armenian Church 1820–60.

3
. Sarkis Atamian,
The Armenian Community
, pp. 51–130; growth of Armenian revolutionary movement, Louise Nalbandian,
The
Armenian Revolutionary Movement
, pp. 80–98, 104–18, 151–63.

4
. Langer, p. 162.

5
. Hatzfeldt to Holstein, 30 July 1895,
GP
vol. 10, no. 2371.

6
. Staal to Lobanov, 13 August 1895, Meyendorff (ed.),
Correspondence de M. de Staal
, p. 256; Salisbury’s telegram to Currie, 9
October 1895, FO 195/1862/177.

7
. Shaws, p. 204; Langer, p. 161.

8
. A. Marder,
British Naval Policy
, p. 245; Papadopoulos,
England and the Near East
, p. 55.

9
. Chermside’s report enclosed in Currie to Salisbury, 29 January 1896, FO 78/4884/78, reaching London on 10 February. For its assessment
in London, Marder, op. cit., pp. 249–50.

10
. Goschen’s speech, 11 February 1896, Hansard,
Parliamentary Debates
, 4th Series, vol. XXVII, p. 162.

11
.
Consul-General Blunt to Salisbury, 20 January 1896, FO 78/4734/1. D. Dakin,
The Unification of Greece
,
1770–1923, covers both the Cretan problem (pp. 149–51) and the Macedonian imbroglio (pp. 159–79).

12
. Herbert to Salisbury, 4 July 1896, FO 78/4724/263.

13
. Salisbury to Sanderson, 25 July 1896, FO 7/1240; for reply to Vienna, see
Queen Victoria’s Letters
, ser. 3, vol. 3, p.
58.

14
. Papadopoulos, op. cit., pp. 77–9.

15
. Details of these events were telegraphed by Herbert to Salisbury, 30 and 31 August 1896, FO 78/4724/365 and 374. Eyewitness account in an
anonymous article, ‘The Constantinople Massacres’, in
Contemporary Review
for October 1896, pp. 457–65.

16
. Papadopoulos, op. cit., pp. 82–3.

17
. William II’s comment appears as a footnote to GP vol. 12, no. 2901; see also Haslip,
The Sultan
, pp. 225–6.

18
. Herbert to Salisbury, 31 August 1896, FO 78/4724/tel. 374. Other questions: telegrams 368 (30 August) and 386 (5 September); and
Herbert’s dispatch of 2 September, FO 78/4714/695.

19
. Details of the Nelidov Plan were revealed in V. Khvostov’s article for
Krasnyi Arkhiv
, vol. 47 (1931), with English summary
in Boutelle and Thayer’s
Digest of the Krasnyi Arkhiv
, p. 384; see also Langer, pp. 337–40. Full reports on movements of the Black Sea Fleet were sent to London from the
consul-general in Odessa: see FO 65/1540; the earliest (no. 10) is dated 5 February 1897. For the ambassadorial conference, see Currie’s telegrams to Salisbury in FO 78/4724 and 4797; also
see Papadopoulos, op. cit., pp. 112–20.