Read The Defence of the Realm Online
Authors: Christopher Andrew
20
 Andrew,
Secret Service
,
p. 356
.
21
 Inspector Edward Parker (Special Branch), âInterview with Sir E. Blackwell, Home Office', 18 July 1916, TNA MEPO 2/10664.
22
 O'Halpin, âBritish Intelligence in Ireland',
pp. 59
â
61
.
23
 TNA KV 2/8.
24
 Findlay (Christiania) to FO, 30 Oct. 1914, with minute by Grey, TNA MEPO 2/10660.
25
 Findlay (Christiania) to Nicolson (FO), 3 Jan. 1915, âMost Private and Secret', TNA KV 2/6; Statement by Christensen to Chief Inspector Ward in Philadelphia, 23 May 1916, TNA KV 2/9.
26
 Dudgeon,
Roger Casement â The Black Diaries
.
27
 Report by Dr Audrey Giles in Daly (ed.),
Roger Casement in Irish and World History
.
28
 On the use of forged documents in KGB âactive measures', see Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
. Though British intelligence did not forge the âBlack Diaries', Captain Hall and others made unscrupulous use of them after Casement's conviction to undermine the campaign to secure clemency. Andrew, âCasement and British Intelligence'.
29
 Andrew,
Secret Service
, ch. 8. O'Halpin, âBritish Intelligence in Ireland'.
30
 Fussell,
The Great War and Modern Memory
.
31
 D Branch Report,
p. 63
, TNA KV 1/36.
32
 Following the assassination in London of Sir William Curzon Wyllie in 1909, a four-man Indian section was added to the MPSB. Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence
,
p. 132
.
35
 Fraser, âGermany and Indian Revolution',
p. 258
.
36
 Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence
,
pp. 178
â
9
.
39
 Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919.
40
 Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence
,
p. 218
. The committee had representatives from the Indian, Colonial, Foreign and War Offices, and the Admiralty.
41
 Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence
,
p. 220
.
42
 Ibid.
43
 Datta,
Madan Lal Dinghra
,
p. 77
.
44
 Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence,
pp. 225
â
6
.
46
 Nathan left MI5 on 29 February 1916. Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and
Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919. In August 1919 Nathan joined SIS as head of the Political Section.
47
 Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence
,
pp. 245
â
51
.
48
 Thomson,
Queer People
,
p. 103
.
49
 Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence
,
p. 251
.
52
 D Branch Report,
p. 14
, TNA KV 1/35. D Branch Report,
p. 135
, TNA KV 1/36. On 15 January 1917 a new section, MI5(b), was set up to deal with âquestions affecting natives of India and other Oriental races'; this was absorbed by D Branch on 1 September 1917.
53
 D Branch Report,
p. 13
, TNA KV 1/19.
55
 Thomson,
Queer People
,
p. 266
.
56
 Security Service Archives.
57
 Hiley, âCounter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War',
p. 651
.
58
 Major V. Ferguson (MI5) to Sir Ernley Blackwell (Legal Adviser, Home Office), 30 June 1916, TNA HO 45/1081/307402, file 75.
59
 Major V. Ferguson, Note for Kell, 14 June 1916, TNA HO 45/10801/307402, file 75. I am very grateful to Dr Nicholas Hiley for providing a photograph of this document. The original is now missing from the file.
60
 Holt-Wilson, General Staff paper, âThe organisation of the Services of military secrecy, security and publicity', 1917, TNA INF 4/9.
61
 Thomson,
Queer People
,
p. 269
.
62
 Clarke,
Hope and Glory
,
p. 79
.
63
 âRevolutionary Agencies at Work',
pp. 62ff
., TNA KV 1/43.
64
 Debo, âGeorgii Chicherin in England',
p. 655
.
65
 âMemorandum regarding the Russian section of the Communist Club', enclosed with recommendation by Kell for Chicherin's internment, dated 26 Jan. 1917, TNA HO 144/2158.
66
 Two other gang members perished in the celebrated âSiege of Sidney Street' in January 1911. Winston Churchill, then home secretary, could not resist visiting the scene and advising on operations from the front line. Leggett,
Cheka
,
pp. 266
â
7
. Cook,
M: MI5's First Spymaster
,
pp. 266
â
7
.
67
 âRevolutionary Agencies at Work',
pp. 62ff
., TNA KV 1/43.
68
 McLean,
Legend of Red Clydeside, ch. 7
.
69
 âHistorical Sketch of the Directorate of Military Intelligence during the Great War of 1914â1919',
p. 13
, TNA WO 32/10776. Biographical details on Labouchere in interwar MI5 Who's Who.
70
 McLean,
Legend of Red Clydeside,
p. 83
.
72
 CX 491, 16 Sept. 1916, TNA KV 2/1532.
73
 Thomson,
Scene Changes
,
p. 312
. E. F. Wodehouse (New Scotland Yard) to Home Office, 23 April 1917, TNA HO 45/11000/223532. âHistorical Sketch of the Directorate of Military Intelligence during the Great War of 1914â1919',
p. 13
, TNA WO 32/10776. The most celebrated case investigated by PMS2 was an alleged plot to assassinate Lloyd George by a Derby second-hand-clothes dealer of âextreme anarchical opinions', Mrs Alice Wheeldon, her daughters Harriet and Winnie, and Winnie's husband Alfred Mason, a chemist who had âmade a special study of poisons'. According to PMS2, the farcical plot finally devised by Mrs Wheeldon to murder Lloyd George was to fire a poisoned dart from an air rifle while he was playing golf on Walton Heath. The plotters were arrested in January 1917 and given jail sentences two months later.
74
 Kell to War Office, âMemorandum concerning a proposed transfer of certain duties from the Ministry of Munitions (P.M.S.2) to M.I.5', 3 March 1917; reproduced in A Branch History, TNA KV 1/13.
75
 Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919.
76
 âRevolutionary Agencies at Work',
pp. 62ff
., TNA KV 1/43.
77
 âMemorandum regarding the Russian section of the Communist Club' and âThe Russian
Political Prisoners and Exiles Relief Committee in London'; enclosed with recommendation by Kell for Chicherin's internment, dated 26 Jan. 1917, TNA HO 144/2158 (322428/2). In November 1916 Chicherin had publicly announced that his Committee's campaign to persuade Russian exiles not to enlist had been largely successful. Debo, âChicherin in England',
pp. 656
â
7
.
78
 âI don't quite see what he [the liaison officer] would do,' he wrote in his diary. Mansfield Cumming diary, 25 Dec. 1916.
79
 Recommendation by Kell for Chicherin's internment, 26 Jan. 1917, TNA HO 144/2158.
80
 Kell to Edmonds, 29 March 1917, LHC Edmonds MSS II/2. Lady Kell, âSecret Well Kept',
p. 156
, IWM.
81
 Security Service Archives. A few months earlier Kell had seemed in good health. On 29 September 1916 he had written to the MCO at Falmouth, Major R. Money, âI am keeping very fit'. Security Service Archives.
82
 Security Service Archives.
83
 Security Service Archives.
84
 Carsten,
War against War
,
p. 102
.
85
 Thomson,
Queer People
,
p. 273
.
86
 Andrew,
First World War
,
p. 46
.
87
 Swartz,
Union of Democratic Control
,
p. 175
.
Taylor, English History
,
p. 128
.
88
 G1, âThe British Socialist Party', 4 Oct. 1916, TNA KV 2/1655.
89
 Undated note by Major Ferguson on information from Victor Fischer [
sic
], TNA KV 2/1532.
90
 âAlbert Edward Inkpin',
Oxford DNB
.
91
 Note by Deputy Director of Recruiting (London region), 16 Nov. 1917, TNA KV 2/1532. Minute by Kell to DSI, 23 Nov. 1917, TNA KV 2/585.
92
 âAlbert Edward Inkpin',
Oxford DNB
.
93
 Report from SW 5 (Berne) of 13 April 1917 forwarded by Cumming, TNA KV 2/585. The Germans also financed Trotsky's return from exile.
94
 Figes,
People's Tragedy
,
pp. 385
â
6
.
95
 Pipes,
Russian Revolution
,
pp. 392
â
4
.
96
 Figes,
People's Tragedy
,
pp. 432
â
4
.
97
 Minute by Dansey, 16 Aug. 1917, TNA KV 2/585.
98
 TNA HO 144/2158.
99
 Debo, âChicherin in Britain',
p. 659
.
101
 Watson,
Clemenceau
,
pp. 260
â
64
,
286
â
9
.
102
 WC 245(20), 4 Oct. 1917, TNA CAB 23/4.
103
 WC 253(1), 19 Oct. 1917, TNA CAB 23/4.
104
 Thomson,
Scene Changes
,
p. 359
.
105
 Thomson, âPacifist and Revolutionary Organizations in the United Kingdom', included in G 173, 13 Nov. 1917, TNA CAB 24/4.
106
 Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, vol. 1,
p. 3
.
107
 G 173, 13 Nov. 1917, TNA CAB 24/4. GT 2809, 24 Nov. 1917, TNA CAB 24/34.
108
 GT 2980, 13 Dec. 1917, TNA CAB 24/35.
109
 Hiley, âCounter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War',
p. 658
.
111
 Ullman,
Anglo-Soviet Relations
, vol. 1,
p. 20
. Carsten,
War against War
,
pp. 109
â
11
.
112
 Draft telegram from Chicherin to Trotsky, 4 Dec. 1917, TNA HO 144/2158 322428/45a. The prison governor sought permission from the Home Office to send the telegram. Had permission been refused, this would probably have been noted on the file. There is, however, no written confirmation that the telegram was sent.
113
 Debo, âChicherin in England',
pp. 660
â
62
. Maksim Litvinov succeeded Chicherin as the representative in London of the Bolshevik regime, and was given diplomatic immunity and semi-official status before being deported in September 1918.
114
 Andrew,
First World War
,
p. 44
.
115
 GT 4624, 23 May 1918, TNA CAB 24/52.
116
 Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919.
117
 Sixty-six MI5 staff served in Italy between 1 January 1918 and 31 August 1919 (when the station was closed): twenty-eight were officers, thirty-eight clerical and secretarial support staff. Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919.
118
 Andrew,
Secret Service
,
pp. 299
â
304
.
119
 CUL Templewood Papers, Part III, Italy and the Vatican 1917â1918, files 1â5. Hoare's other tasks in Rome included counter-espionage and curtailing the extensive contraband activities (especially flows of specie and other prohibited goods to and from Germany through Switzerland).
120
 Security Intelligence Service Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members, December 1919. The largest postings recorded on this List are those of ten new recruits posted to Washington on 1 March 1918 and seven to New York on 1 August. Not all the final US destinations, however, correspond to those in the List. Thwaites was stationed in New York.