The Domesticated Brain (32 page)

Notes

PREFACE

1
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Discover
magazine, September 2010.
http://discovermagazine.com/2010/sep/25-modern-humans-smart-why-brain-shrinking#.UdGTQxxYdN0

2
. D. H. Bailey and D. C. Geary (2009), ‘Hominid brain evolution: Testing climactic, ecological, and social competition models’,
Human Nature
, 20, 67–79.

3
. D. C. T. Kruska (2005), ‘On the evolutionary significance of encephalization in some eutherian mammals: effects of adaptive radiation, domestication, and feralization’,
Brain, Behavior and Evolution,
65, 73–108.

4
. Claudio J. Bidau (2009), ‘Domestication through the centuries: Darwin’s ideas and Dmitry Belyaev’s long-term experiment in silver foxes’,
Gayana
73 (Suplemento), 55–72.

5
. Hilleke Pol
et al.
(2006), ‘Changing your sex changes your brain: influences of testosterone and estrogen on adult human brain structure’,
European Journal of Endocrinology
, 155, S107–S114.

6
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Canis familiaris
)’,
Journal of Comparative Psychology
, 115, 122–6.

7
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American Scientist
87 (March–April), 160–9.

8
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, 83, 573–85.

9
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, 16, 60–4.

10
. Adam Brumm, Gitte M. Jensen, Gert D. van den Bergh, Michael J. Morwood, Iwan Kurniawan, Fachroel Aziz and Michael Storey (2010), ‘Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago’,
Nature
, 464, 748–52.

11
. Alan Simmons (2012), ‘Mediterranean island voyages’,
Science,
338, 895–7.

12
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Science
, 324, 1298–1301.

13
. H. Zheng, S. Yan, Z. Qin and L. Jin (2012), ‘MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time’,
Scientific Reports
, 745; DOI:10.1038/srep00745.

CHAPTER 1

1
. Dan Wolpert opens with this question in his TED talk:
http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_wolpert_the_real_reason_for_brains.html

2
. The example of the sea squirt is given by a variety of authors but most notably Rodolfo R. Llinás (2001),
I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self
, MIT Press.

3
. F. de Waal (2013),
The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates
, W. W. Norton & Company.

4
. Jane Goodall (1986),
The Chimpanzees of the Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
, Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

5
. M. Nakamichi, E. Kato, Y. Kojima and N. Itoigawa (1998), ‘Carrying and washing of grass roots by free-ranging Japanese macaques at Katsuyama’, Folia Primatologica
International Journal of Primatology
, 69, 35–40.

6
. Lydia V. Luncz, Roger Mundry and Christophe Boesch (2012), ‘Evidence for cultural differences between neighboring chimpanzee communities’,
Current Biology
, 22, 922–6.

7
. Richard Dawkins (1976),
The Selfish Gene,
Oxford University Press.

8
. Richard Dawkins (1996),
The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design
, New York: Norton & Company.

9
. M. E. J. Newman and R. G. Palmer (1999), ‘Models of Extinction: A Review’, Santa Fe Institute working paper,
http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/99–08-061.pdf
.

10
. The ‘environmental complexity hypothesis’ argues that one of the driving forces for developing intelligence supported by larger brains was the need to adapt to variable environments.

Grove, M. (2011), ‘Change and variability in Plio-Pleistocene climates: Modelling the hominin response’,
Journal of Archaeological Science
, 38, 3038–47.

11
. X. H. Zhu, H. Qiao, F. Du, Q. Xiong, X. Liu, X. Zhang, K. Ugurbil and W. Chen (2012), ‘Quantitative imaging of energy expenditure in human brain’,
Neuroimage
, 60, 2107–17.

12
. D. Attwell and S. B. Laughlin (2001), ‘An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain’,
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
, 21, 1133–45.

13
. L. Marino (1998), ‘A comparison of encephalization between odontocete cetaceans and anthropoid primates’,
Brain, Behavior, and Evolution
, 51, 230–8.

14
. I. Loudon (1986), Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935’,
Medical History,
30, 1–41.

15
. J. DeSilva and J. Lesnik (2006), ‘Chimpanzee neonatal brain size: Implications for brain growth in Homo erectus’,
Journal of Human Evolution
, 51, 207–12.

16
. A. Portmann (1969), ‘Biologische Fragmente zu einer Lehre vom Menschen [A Zoologist Looks at Humankind] (Schwabe, Basel, Germany); trans. J. Schaefer (1990), New York: Columbia University Press.

17
. C. D. Bluestone (2005), ‘Humans are born too soon: impact on pediatric otolaryngology’,
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
, 69, 1–8.

18
. J. H. Kaas (2005), ‘From mice to men: the evolution of the large, complex human brain
’, Journal of Bioscience
, 30, 155–65.

19
. Holly M. Dunsworth, Anna G. Warrener, Terrence Deacon, Peter T. Ellison and Herman Pontzer (2012), ‘Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality’,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
USA,
109, 15212–16.

20
. R. D. Martin (1996), ‘Scaling of the mammalian brain: The maternal energy hypothesis’,
News in Physiological Science
, 11, 149–56.

21
. K. R. Rosenberg and W. R. Trevathan (2003), ‘The Evolution of Human Birth’,
Scientific American,
May: 80–85.

22
. Milton, Katharine (2000), ‘Diet and Primate Evolution’ in Alan Goodman, Darna Dufour and Gretel Pelto (eds),
Nutritional Anthropology: Biocultural Perspectives on Food and Nutrition
, Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 46–54.

23
. G. T. Frost (1980), ‘Tool behavior and the origins of laterality’,
Journal of Human Evolution
, 9, 447–59.

24
. John Allen (2009),
The Lives of the Brain: Human Evolution and the Organ of Mind,
Belknap Harvard

25
. The Leakeys reported the discovery of fossils at Koobi Fora, near Lake Turkana in Kenya, that indicate that three separate hominid species co-existed as early as 2 million years ago. M.G. Leakey, F. Spoor, M.C. Dean, C.S. Feibel, S.C. Antón, C. Kiarie and L.N. Leakey (2012), ‘New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early
Homo’, Nature
, 488, 201– 204.

However, recent discoveries in the Georgian village of Dmanisi of a variety of skull shapes from
Homo erectus
dating from 2 million years ago suggest much less evidence for distinct species of hominids evolving in Africa based on different skull shapes.

David Lordkipanidze, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Ann Margvelashvili, Yoel Rak, G. Philip Rightmire, Abesalom Vekua and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer (2013), ‘A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo
’, Science,
Vol. 342 no. 6156, 326–31.

26
. I. McDougall, F. H. Brown and J. G. Fleagle (2005), ‘Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia’,
Nature
, 433, 733–6.

27
. R. L. Cann, M. Stoneking and A. C. Wilson (1987), ‘Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution’,
Nature
, 325, 31–6.

28
. Annalee Newitz (2013), A long anthropological debate may be on the cusp of resolution,
http://io9.com/a-long-anthropological-debate-may-be-on-the-cusp-of-res-512864731
(Interview with Ian Tattersall)
29
. University of Montreal (2011, July 18), ‘Non-Africans are part Neanderthal, genetic research shows’,
Science Daily
. Retrieved July 4, 2013, from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110718085329.htm

30
. R. I. M. Dunbar and S. Shultz (2007), ‘Evolution in the social brain’,
Science
, 317, 1344–7.

31
. J. B. Silk (2007), ‘Social components of fitness in primate groups’,
Science
, 317, 1347–51.

32
. M. Gutison
et al.
(2012), ‘Derived vocalizations of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) and the evolution of vocal complexity in primates’,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences,
367, 1847–59.

33
. Nicola Clayton (2012), ‘Corvid cognition: Feathered apes’,
Nature,
484, 453–4.

34
. Chris Stringer (2011),
The Origin of our Species
, London: Allen Lane.

35
. H. Zheng, S. Yan, Z. Qin and L. Jin (2012), ‘MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time’, Sci. Rep. 2, 745; DOI:10.1038/srep00745.

36
. S. Mithen, (1996),
The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion and Science
, London: Thames and Hudson.