The First European Description of Japan, 1585 (64 page)

48
  Olivia Remie Constable,
Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 287

49
  Herman van der Wee, “Money and Credit in the Local Economy.” In
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume 5, The Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe
, ed. Ernest Rich, pp. 290–394 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 298–299.

50
  Godinho,
Os Descobrimentos
, I, 323

51
  Ethan Segal, “Money and the State: Medieval Precursors of the Early Modern Economy.” In
Economic Thought In Early Modern Japan
, eds. Bettina Gramlich Oka and Gregory Smits, pp. 21–46 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 24.

52
  Deal,
Handbook
, 125.

53
  Martin Heijdra, “The Socio-Economic Development of Rural China during the Ming.” In
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty 1368–1644
, eds. Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett, pp. 415–579 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 412.

54
  Deal,
Handbook
, 125; Segal,
Coins: Trade and the State
, 201–202.

55
  
Caxa
is derived from Sanskrit and means a coin of little value.

56
  
Rei
. Schütte has rendered this term as “greetings.”

57
  João Rodrigues,
This Island of Japon
. Trans. and ed. Michael Cooper (Tokyo: Kodansha International Limited, 1973[1620]), 288.

58
  Howard Blackmore,
Hunting Weapons from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century
(Mineola NY: Dover Publications, 2000), 47.

59
  Edward Muir,
Ritual in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000[1997]), 136.

60
  See Robin D. Gill,
Fly-Ku!
(Key Biscayne, FL: Paraverse Press, 2005).

61
  Donald Lach,
Asia in the Making of Europe: A Century of Wonder
, Volume 2, Book I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 176–178.

62
  Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney,
The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Ritual
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), 48–50; Money L. Hickman,”Painting.” In
Japan's Golden Age: Momoyama
, ed. Money L. Hickman, pp. 93–180 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 140–141.

63
  
Jina
.

64
  Deal,
Handbook to Life In Medieval and Early Modern Japan
, 239.

65
  Natalie Z. Davis,
The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000), 34–35; Thomas,
The Ends of Life
, 118.

66
  Millie Creighton, “Two Wests Meet Japan.” In
Dismantling the East-West Dichotomy
, eds. Joy Hendry and Heung Wah Wong, pp. 103–110 (London: Routledge, 2006), 105–106.

67
  Elizabeth Mabel Bacon,
Japanese Girls and Women
(London: Kegan Paul, 2001 [1892]).

68
  Steven J. Overman, “Sporting and Recreational Activities of Students in the Medieval Universities,”
Physical Education
I (1999): 25–33.

69
  Carmelo Urza, “History of Basque Pelota in the Americas,” pp. 1–14. www.docstoc.com/docs/22459359/The-History-of-Basque-Pelota-in-the-Americas-Carmelo

70
  Rodrigues,
This Island of Japon
, 281–282.

71
  Robert Crego,
Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries
(Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), 83–84.

72
  Rodrigues,
This Island of Japon
, 283, f.267.

73
  Alfred Crosby,
The Measure of Reality
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 53.

74
  Felix F. Strauss, “Mills without Wheels' in the 16th-Century Alps,”
Technology and Culture
: 12 (1971): 23–42.

75
  Stanley Coren,
The Paw Prints of History: Dogs and the Course of Human Events
(New York: The Free Press, 2002), 170–171.

76
  Luís de Moura Sobral, “The Expansion and the Arts.” In
Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800
, eds. Francisco Bethencourt & Diogo Ramada Curto, pp. 390–459 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 394.

77
  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929.

78
  Blanche Payne,
History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century
(New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 294.

79
  
Komono
.

80
  E.W. Jameson,
The Hawking of Japan: The History and Development of Japanese Falconry
(Davis, CA: The Printer, 1976).

81
  “From Phyllyp Sparowe: ‘Whan I remembre agayn',” In
The New Penguin Book of English Verse
, Paul Keegan ed., pp. 50–54 (London: Penguin Books, 2001[1500]).

82
  Robert B. Strassler, ed.,
The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
(New York Anchor Books, 2007), 134.

83
  C.R. Boxer, ed.,
South China in the sixteenth century, being the narratives of Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550–1575)
(London: Hakluyt Society, 1953).

84
  Marques,
Daily Life in Portugal
, 138.

85
  Richard Brookhiser, ed.,
Rules of Civility
(New York: The Free Press, 1997[1595]), 9–11.

86
  Patrick E. McGovern,
Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).

87
  John Beleme and Jan Beleme,
Japanese Foods that Heal
(North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2007), 77–78.

88
  
Xiru
.

89
  Victor Chinnery,
Oak Furniture; the British Tradition
(Woodbridge, UK: The Antique Collectors Club, 1979).

90
  Joy Hendry,
An Anthropologist in Japan
(London: Routledge, 1999), 143.

91
  Marques,
Daily Life in Portugal
, 88–89.

92
  In the Portuguese original the flower mentioned alongside the rose is the
cravo
, or “carnation.” There were no carnations in Japan at the time. Japanese translators of the
Tratado
believe Frois had in mind the pink
Dianthus chinensis
. This flower is lacey about the edges, like a carnation, but only has a single layer of five petals. As it turns out, the carnation was imported to Japan from Holland a short time after Frois wrote and was called, in Japanese, a “Dutch pink,” or
oranda-chikuseki
. (The Portuguese name for Holland is
Holanda
(with a silent ‘h'), and the Japanese name shows the expected liquid consonant substitution, ‘r' for ‘l.')

93
  Isabella L. Bird,
Unbeaten Tracks in Japan
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1987[1880]), 75.

94
  Ruff,
Violence in Early Modern Europe
, 2.

95
  Marques,
Daily Life in Portugal
, 176, notes that nobles seemingly assaulted virgins and widows at will during the Middle Ages

96
  Morse,
Japan Day By Day
, I, 65,307; Jiro Iinuma, “The Meiji System: The Revolution of Rice Cultivation Technology in Japan,”
Agricultural History
43 (1969): 289–296.

97
  Ardal Powell,
The Flute
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).

98
  
Yxei
.

99
  Marybeth Carlson, “A Trojan Horse of Worldliness? Maidservants in the Burgher Household in Rotterdam at the End of the Seventeenth Century.” In
Women of the Golden Age
, eds. Els Kloek et al., pp. 87–96 (Hilversum, The Netherlands: Verloren, 1994).

100
  Roberto de Nola,
Libro de guisados, manjares, y potajes
(Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1971[1529]).

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