The Forbidden Universe (50 page)

1 Quoted in Dawkins,
The Greatest Show on Earth
, p. 417.

2
Ibid
., p. 416.

3 De Duve,
Vital Dust
, p. xv.

4 Watson and Crick, p. 738.

5 See Ingrid D. Rowland, ‘Athanasius Kircher, Giordano Bruno, and the
Panspermia
of the Infinite Universe’, in Findlen (ed.).

6 Hoyle and Wickramasinghe,
Evolution from Space
, p. xiii–xv.

7 Quoted in Carey.

8 Quoted on BBC News website, ‘“Life Chemical” Detected in Comet’, 18 August 2009: news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8208307.stm.

9 Schueller, p. 34.

10 Quoted in
ibid
., p. 31.

11
Ibid
., p. 34.

12 Quoted in
ibid
., p. 35

13 Lovelock,
Gaia
(1979 edition), p. vii.

14 In the documentary, ‘Life, the Universe and
Everything
: James Lovelock’ in the
Beautiful Minds
series, produced and directed by Paul Bernays, ARC Productions for BBC Four, 2010.

15 Interviewed in the above documentary.

16 Lovelock,
Gaia
(2000 edition), p. xv.

17
Ibid
., p. ix.

18 Lovelock,
The Ages of Gaia
, p. 15.

19 De Duve,
Vital Dust
, p. 20.

20
Ibid
, pp. 286–9.

21
Ibid
., pp. 292–3.

1 E.g. Dawkins,
The God Delusion
, p. 173.

2 Crick, p. 58.

3 Monod, p. 167.

4 Hoyle and Wickramasinghe,
Evolution from Space
, p. 119.

5 Davies,
The Cosmic Blueprint
, p. 109.

6 Smith,
Did Darwin Get It Right?
, p. 167.

7 Crick, p. 113.

8 Narby,
The Cosmic Serpent
, p. 92.

9 De Duve,
Life Evolving
, p. 51.

10 See Leipe, Aravina and Koonin.

11 Hamilton, p. 29.

12
Ibid
.

13 In his Gifford Lecture ‘Life’s Solution: The Predictability of Evolution Across the Galaxy (and Beyond)’, given at the University of Edinburgh on 19 Feb 2007. Audio file available at the University of Edinburgh’s Humanities and Social Science’s website: www.hss.ed.ac.uk/giffordexemp/2000/details/ProfessorSimonConwayMorris.html.

14 Dawkins,
The God Delusion
, pp. 164–5.

15 Cavalier-Smith, p. 998.

16 Prokaryotes have, since Carl Woese’s discovery in 1977, been divided between bacteria and archaea, as described above, but neither this nor the evolution of the apparent independent DNA of bacteria, affects our point here.

17 Cavalier-Smith, p. 978.

18
Ibid
.

19 Margulis and Sagan, pp. 115–6.

20
Ibid
., p. 118.

21 Quoted in Ridley, p. 315.

22 Williams, p. v.

23
Ibid
., p. 11.

24 Smith,
The Evolution of Sex
, p. 10.

25 Smith,
Did Darwin Get It Right?
, p. 165.

26 Ridley, p. xxii.

27 Smith,
Did Darwin Get It Right?
, p. 165.

28 Williams, p. 8.

29 Margulis and Sagan, p. 157.

30 Smith,
Did Darwin Get It Right?
, pp. 166–7.

31 Williams, p. 11.

32 See Guarente and Kenyon.

33 A. M. Leroi, A. K. Chippindale and M. R. Rose, ‘Long-Term Laboratory Evolution of a Genetic Life-History Trade-Off in
Drosophila Melanogaster
’, in Rose, Passananti and Matos (eds.). (This is a reproduction of a paper that first appeared in the journal
Evolution
in 1994.)

34 Stephen Jay Gould, ‘G. G. Simpson, Paleontology, and the Modern Synthesis’, in Mayr and Provine, pp. 153–4.

35 Mayr, pp. 529–30. A genus is the next step up from a species in biological classification, a group of distinct species that are closely related genetically, sharing a close common ancestor. Examples are the genera
Canis
, to which dogs, wolves, jackals, coyotes and dingoes belong, and
Equus
, which includes horses, donkeys and zebras.

36 In the radio show ‘The Whale – A History’, in the
In
Our Time
series presented by Melvyn Bragg, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 21 May 2009.

37 See, for example, Smith,
Did Darwin Get It Right?
, pp. 148–9.

38 Goodwin, pp. xii–xiii.

39 Many have the impression from the title of his book
The Selfish Gene
that Richard Dawkins proposes that natural selection acts at the level of the gene. But he doesn’t: he argues that evolution should be
viewed
from the level of genes, because animals and plants are basically big bags of genes. Natural selection acts on the individual, but its ultimate effect is on the gene pool of the species, determining what genes are in it and how many of each gene there are. Although offering a potentially useful new perspective for evolutionists to look at certain questions, this theory ultimately only describes the same things in different words.

40 Fort, p. 38.

41 Le Page, p. 26.

42 Dawkins,
The Greatest Show on Earth
, pp. 297–8.

43 See Dawkins,
Climbing Mount Improbable
, chapter 5.

44 Mayr, p. 541.

45 Popper, p. 171.

46
Ibid
., p. 168.

47
Ibid
., p. 172.

48 Smith,
Did Darwin Get It Right?
, p. 180.

49 Smith,
The Evolution of Sex
, p. ix.

50 Dawkins,
The Blind Watchmaker
, p. 287.

51 Conway Morris,
Life’s Solution
, pp. 315–6.

52 See Mayr’s preface to Mayr and Provine, pp. ix–x.

53 Mayr and Provine, p. xv.

54 Stephen Jay Gould, ‘The Hardening of the Modern Synthesis’, in Grene (ed.), p. 88.

55
Ibid
., p. 90.

56
Ibid
., p. 91.

57 Dawkins,
The Ancestor’s Tale
, p. 262.

58 Quoted in Costas R. Krimbas, ‘The Evolutionary Worldview of Theodosius Dobzhansky’, in Adams (ed.), p. 188.

59 Dobzhansky,
Genetics of the Evolutionary Process
, p. 430.

60
Ibid
., p. 431.

61 Costas R. Krimbas, ‘The Evolutionary Worldview of Theodosius Dobzhansky’, in Adams (ed.), p. 189.

62 Dobzhansky,
Genetics of the Evolutionary Process
, p. 391.

63 Teilhard de Chardin, p. 258.

64 See Curtis L. Hancock, ‘The Influence of Plotinus on Bergson’s Critique of Empirical Science’, in Harris, vol. I.

65 Bergson, p. 384.

66 Barrow and Tipler, p. 204.

1 Popper, p. 173.

2 Conway Morris,
Life’s Solution
, p. 316.

3 In his sixth and final Gifford Lecture, ‘Towards an Eschatology of Evolution’, at the University of Edinburgh, 1 March 2007. Audio file available at the University of Edinburgh’s Humanities and Social Science’s website: www.hss.ed.ac.uk/giffordexemp/2000/details/ProfessorSimonConwayMorris.

4 Conway Morris,
Life’s Solution
, p. xv.

5
Ibid
., p. xii.

6 Abstract to Conway Morris’ Gifford Lecture ‘Life’s Solution’, see Chapter 11, note 13.

7 Conway Morris,
Life’s Solution
, pp. 292–5.

8 In his fourth Gifford Lecture ‘Becoming Human: The Continuing Mystery’, given at the University of Edinburgh on 26 Feb 2007. Audio file available at the University of Edinburgh’s Humanities and Social Science’s website: www.hss.ed.ac.uk/giffordexemp/2000/details/ProfessorSimonConwayMorris.

9 Conway Morris,
Life’s Solution
, p. 328.

10 Shapiro, p. 807.

11 De Duve,
Vital Dust
, p. 297.

12 In his fourth Gifford Lecture – see note 8 above.

13 Polanyi, p. 47.

14 From the abstract of his fourth Gifford Lecture – see note 8 above.

15 ‘Who Speaks for the Earth?’, thirteenth and final episode of the TV series
Cosmos
, first broadcast 21 December 1980. DVD released by Freemantle Home Entertainment, 2009. Directed by David F. Oyster, written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan and Steven Soter.

16 In the documentary movie
A Brief History of Time
, produced by David Hickman and directed by Errol Morris, Anglia Television/Gordon Freedman Productions, 1991.

17 The papers were published in Halliwell, Pérez-Mercader and Zurek.

18 Bierman, ‘A World With Retroactive Causation’, p. 1.

19 Davies,
The Goldilocks Enigma
, p. 274.

20 George, p. 56.

21
Ibid
.

22 Bierman and Houtkooper.

23 See Bierman, ‘Exploring Correlations Between Local Emotional and Global Emotional Events and the Behavior of a Random Number Generator’.

24 Hagel and Tschapke.

25 Radin, ‘Exploring Relationships Between Random Physical Events and Mass Human Attention’, p. 538

26 Radin,
Entangled Minds
, p. 206.

27 Wheeler,
Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam
, p. 334.

28 Quoted in Jacques et al, p.1.

29 Interviewed for ‘The Anthropic Universe’,
The Science Show
, ABC National Radio, 18 February 2006, presented by Martin Redfern, produced by Pauline Newman. Transcript available at: www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2006/1572643.

30 Wheeler,
Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam
, p. 331.

31
Ibid
., p. 333.

32 Gardner and Wheeler.

33 Jacques
et al
.

34 Wheeler,
Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam
, p. 337.

35 Davies and Gribbin, p. 208.

36 Wheeler, from his foreword to Barrow and Tipler, p. 6.

37 John Archibald Wheeler, ‘Law Without Law’, in Wheeler and Zurek (eds.), p. 194.

38 On
The Science Show
, ABC National Radio. See note 29 above.

39 John Archibald Wheeler, ‘Genesis and Observership’, in Butts and Hintikka (eds.), p. 3.

40 B. J. Carr, ‘On the Origin, Evolution and Purpose of the Physical Universe’, in Leslie (ed.), p. 152.

41 John Archibald Wheeler, ‘Genesis and Observership’, in Butts and Hintikka (eds.), p. 21.

42
Ibid
., p. 19.

43 Barrow and Tipler. p. 203.

44 John Archibald Wheeler, ‘Beyond the Edge of Time’, in Leslie (ed.), p. 214.

45 Hawking and Mlodinow, p. 140

46 Gefter, p. 30.

47 Barrow and Tipler, p. 470.

48 On
The Science Show
, ABC National Radio. See note 28 above.

49 P. M. Rattansi, ‘Newton’s Alchemical Studies’, in Debus (ed.)
Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance
, p. 179.

50 Hawking,
A Brief History of Time
, p. 175.

51 Copenhaver, p. 41.

52
Ibid
., p. 37.

53 Magee, p. 10.

54
Ibid
.

55 Jantsch, p. 308.

56
Ibid
., pp. 308–9.

57 Wheeler, ‘Law without Law’, in Wheeler and Zurek, p. 209.

1 Richard S. Westfall, ‘Newton and the Hermetic Tradition’, in Debus (ed.),
Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance
, p. 195.

2 John Archibald Wheeler, ‘Beyond the End of Time’, in Leslie (ed.), p. 212.

3 Richard S. Westfall, ‘Newton and the Hermetic Tradition’, in Debus (ed.),
Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance
, p. 185.

4 David Fideler, ‘Neoplatonism and the Cosmological Revolution: Holism, Fractal Geometry, and Mind-in-Nature’, in Harris (ed.), vol. I, p. 104.

5
Ibid
., p. 106.

6
Ibid
., p. 117.

7 Luckert, p. 61.

8 National Constitution Centre website: www.constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_1994_speech.

9
Ibid
.

10
Ibid
.

11
Ibid
.

12 Copenhaver, p. 65. (Treatise XVIII)

13
Ibid
., p. 36. (Treatise X)

14 Quoted in Fideler, ‘Neoplatonism and the Cosmological Revolution: Holism, Fractal Geometry, and Mind-in-Nature’, in Harris (ed.), vol. I, p. 116.

15 Copenhaver, p. 48 (Treatise XI).

16 ‘What We’ll Never Know’, Rees’ third Reith lecture, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 16 June 2010. A transcript is available at: downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/radio4/transcripts/20100615–reith.rtf.