The Hidden People of North Korea (53 page)

48. The origin of “gray” propaganda is disguised, but it does not claim to come from the target country, whereas “black” propaganda attempts to disguise its true origin by purporting to originate in the country toward which it is targeted. The Social Education Broadcasting station, operated by the ROK government’s KBS network, beams signals into North Korea and China twenty-four hours per day. Echo of Hope Broadcasting transmits for about twelve hours a day, according to the website ClandestineRadio at www. clandestineradio.com). The station claims to be sponsored by Koreans living abroad but is reportedly run by the National Intelligence Service. Voice of the People Broadcasting, transmitting twelve hours a day as well, advertises itself as a service of the Korean Workers’ Union but is said to be operated by the Ministry of National Defense.

49. See the Far East Broadcasting website at www.febc.org.

50. Kevin Kane, “Private Citizens Liberating North Korea with Shortwave Radio,”
Daily NK
website, March 4, 2007, in English. Also see Kim Song-a, “University Students Take the Lead in Broadcasting to North Korea,”
Daily NK
website, May 3, 2007, in English.

51. Francis Uenuma, “Sending Out Signals to Long-Isolated North Koreans,”
Washington Post
, December 30, 2007, A27.

52. Paek Sung-ku, “Kim Jong-il Orders to Confiscate Radios; A Conspiracy Is Underway to Abolish the KBS Social Educational Broadcasting to Keep Step with North Korea’s Suspension of Anti-North [
sic
] Propaganda Broadcasts,”
Wolgan Chosun
(September 1, 2003): 249–55, in Korean.

53. Kim Yong Hun, “24 Percent of North Korean Defectors Say They Experienced the Southern Media,”
Daily NK
website, December 16, 2005, in English.

54. Voice of National Salvation (VNS), July 31, 2003, in Korean.

55. Yi Chong-hun, “NSC, Was It Taken in by North Korea’s Psychological Warfare?”
Chugan Tong-a
, July 1, 2004, 322–33, in Korean.

56. “U.S. Imperialists’ Sly and Wicked Ideological and Cultural Infiltration Maneuvers,” KCBS, May 27, 2003, in Korean.

57. Cho Song-chol, “U.S. Imperialists’ Vicious Psychological Warfare via Radio ‘Free Asia.’ ”
Nodong Sinmun
, June 13, 2003, 6, in Korean.

58. Kim Song-a, “North Korea’s Demand to Cease Scattering of Flyers Provides Proof of Their Effectiveness,”
Daily NK
website, August 2, 2007, in English.

59. “Activists Urged to Stop Dropping Fliers on N. Korea,”
Chosun Ilbo
, September 1, 2006, Internet version, in English.

60. “Concern over DPRK Balloon ‘Terrorist Attack Experiments,’ ”
Sankei Shimbun
, January 10, 1997, 1, morning edition, in Japanese.

61. ROK Unification Ministry website; see “Exchanges and Cooperation” at www.uni korea.go.kr/eng/default.jsp?pgname AFFexchanges_economic.

62. Kim Ji-ho, “Nightmare Haunts Housewife Detained during Kumgang Tour—under Close Scrutiny for Mental Duress, Min Young-mi Says North Korea Used Her to Save Face,”
Korea Herald
, July 27, 1999, Internet version, in English.

63. Kang Chol-hwan, “North Korean Security Believes Yongchon Explosion an Assassination Attempt,”
Chosun Ilbo
, May 25, 2004, Internet version, in English.

64. Marcus Noland,
Telecommunications in North Korea: Has Orascom Made the Connection?
(paper sponsored by the Peterson Institute for International Economics and the East-West Center, September 8, 2008).

65. For example, see C. Hovland, O. J. Harvey, and M. Sherif, “Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Reaction to Communication and Attitude Change,”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
55 (1957): 244–52.

66. Interview with a former North Korean who defected in 1996, Seoul, December 1997.

67. Cho Song-chol, “World Unfit for Humans—United States: Corrupt Society Filled with Trash and Deceit,”
Nodong Sinmun
, February 8, 2004, 6, in Korean.

68. Cho Song-chol, “World Unfit for Humans—United States: Unfair Society Where Money Is Everything,”
Nodong Sinmun
, February 13, 2004, 6, in Korean.

69. Cho, “World Unfit for Humans—United States: Unfair Society.”

70. Cho, “World Unfit for Humans—United States: Unfair Society.”

71. Paek Mun-kyu, “Fate of an Occupier Who Has Fallen into a Trap from Which There Is No Escape,”
Nodong Sinmun
, November 28, 2003, 6, in Korean.

72. Ri Sok-chol, “Anachronistic Ballad about ‘Placing Importance on Alliance’ Will Not Take Effect,”
Nodong Sinmun
, on July 2, 2005, in Korean; read on Pyongyang Broadcasting Station (Voice of Korea), July 2, 2005.

73. KCTV, January 9, 2004, in Korean.

Chapter 6: Hidden Thoughts

1. Choe Kum-nam, “The Four Firsts Are the Ideological and Spiritual Forces for the Construction of a Powerful State.”
Minju Choson
, November 18, 2003, 2, in Korean.

2. Chong-pyo Chung, “Our Fatherland Is an Ideological Power,”
Nodong Sinmun
, September 10, 1996, 3, in Korean.

3. Kim Il-sung, “On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing
Juche
in Ideological Work,” speech to Party Propaganda and Agitation Workers, December 28, 1955, in
Kim Il Sung Works
(Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1982), 9:395–417; quote from 9:395–96, in English.

4. Chong Son-chol, “Being Strong-Willed with the Principle of Independence Is a Fundamental Requirement in Our Times’ Politics,”
Nodong Sinmun
, March 23, 2001, 2, in Korean.

5. Cho Song-chol, “Let Us Heighten Vigilance against U.S. Imperialists’ Psychological Smear Campaign: Cunning Stratagem Abusing Humanitarianism,”
Nodong Sinmun
, August 14, 2003, 6, in Korean.

6. Mark E. Manyin, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea: Fact Sheet,”
CRS Report for Congress
, Document RS21834, January 31, 2006, 2.

7. “On the Glorious Road to Building a
Juche
-Style Party,” KCBS, December 31, 2000, in Korean.

8. Kim Jong-il, “Historical Lesson in Building Socialism and the General Line of Our Party,” a talk given to senior officials of the Party Central Committee on January 3, 1992; published in
Nodong Sinmun
, February 4, 1992, in Korean, and carried on the same date by KCNA.

9. Kim Jong-il, “Our Socialism for the People Will Not Perish,” a talk given to senior officials of the Party Central Committee on May 5, 1991, published in
Nodong Sinmun
, May 27, 1991, in Korean, and republished in
People’s Korea
1517 (June 8, 1991): 2–7; quote from 4, in English.

10. Song-kuk Choe, “Imperialists’ Wily Strategy of Disintegration,”
Nodong Sinmun
, May 3, 1998, 6, in Korean.

11. Kang Chol-hwan, “Serious Ideological Disturbance within the North; Original Copy of Ideological Indoctrination Material for North Korean People’s Army Cadres Obtained,”
Chosun Ilbo
, September 4, 2004, Internet version, in Korean. The title of this North Korean document is “On Resolutely Smashing the Strategic Psychological Warfare of the Enemy Who Aims to Cause Our Internal Collapse and Degeneration.”

12. Chang-man Hwang, “The Source of Our People’s Revolutionary Optimism,”
Nodong Sinmun
, June 1, 1997, 2, in Korean.

13. Kim Myong-hui, “The Revolutionary Spirit for Suicidal Explosion,”
Nodong Sinmun
, December 29, 1998, 3, in Korean.

14. Pak Nam-chin, “Immortal Course during Which the Military Assurance for the Consummation of the
Juche
Cause Has Been Provided,”
Nodong Sinmun
, June 26, 1997, 3, in Korean.

15. “Our Republic Is a Socialist Military Power,” KCBS, August 30, 2003, in Korean.

16. KCNA, January 8, 2004, in English.

17. Gen. Eugene E. Habiger, USAF, commander in chief, U.S. Strategic Command, to the Senate Armed Services Committee, March 21, 1996: “At U.S. Strategic Command, peace is still our profession, and the strength of our deterrent forces remains the backbone of that peace.” (www.defenselink.mil/speeches/1996/t19960321-habiger.html).

18. Pae Yong-il, “They Should Bow to Military-First Politics,”
Tongil Sinbo
, July 22, 2006, 4, in Korean.

19. Song Mi-ran, “For an Invincibly Powerful State,”
Nodong Sinmun
, April 7, 2003, 2, in Korean.

20. “All Citizens in This Land Are Soldiers,” KCNA, April 25, 2003, in Korean, citing an April 24
Nodong Sinmun
article titled “Oh, Soldier.”

21. Hwang Chang-man and Chong Kwang-pok, “The People’s Army Is a College of Revolution Training Fervent Fighters for the Military-First Era,”
Nodong Sinmun
, June 13, 2002, 2, in Korean.

22. Chong Kum-chol, “Frontline-Style Political Work and Work with People’s Emotions,”
Nodong Sinmun
via the Korean Press Media website (http://dprkmedia.com), March 15, 2007.

23. “Love Gun-Barrel Families,” KCBS, broadcasting a
Nodong Sinmun
article, January 29, 2004, in Korean.

24. “Inheritance of the Mangyongdae Family,” KCBS, April 12, 2007, in Korean.

25. Yang Sun, “The General Adds Luster to the Glory of the Military-First Fatherland,”
Nodong Sinmun
, April 2, 2003, 2.

26. Kim Chong-su, “Creative Ideological Theory on the Balance of Social Classes in the Current Era,”
Nodong Sinmun
, August 13, 2004, 2, in Korean.

27. Kim Pyong-chin, “Important Requirement for Building a Powerful Socialist State As Elucidated by the Military-First Idea,”
Nodong Sinmun
, May 16, 2003, 2, in Korean.

28. Ryang Sun, “It Is Thanks to the General That We Have the Fatherland,”
Nodong Sinmun
, March 12, 2005, 2, in Korean.

29. “Let Us See and Solve All Problems from a New Viewpoint and a New Height,”
Nodong Sinmun
, January 9, 2001, 1, in Korean.

30. Susan Kitchens and Josephine Lee, “Royal Flush,” Forbes.com, March 4, 2002.

31. Chon U-taek,
Saram-ui Tongil, Tang-ui Tongil
[Reunification of the People, Reunification of the Land], August 2007, in Korean.

32. Hyun-Joon Chon et al.,
An Assessment of the North Korean System’s Durability
(Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU), 2007), in English. The survey was modeled on an earlier survey designed by Sung Chull Kim et al., as reported in
The Assessment on the Crisis Level and the Prospect of Durability of North Korean Socialist System
(Seoul: Research Institute of National Unification, 1996).

33. Chon et al.,
An Assessment
, 173.

34. Chon et al.,
An Assessment
, 12.

35. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 174.

36. Chon et al.,
An Assessment
, 30–35.

37. Chon Song-ho, “Heart of 10 Million Soldiers and People,”
Nodong Sinmun
via the Uriminjokkiri website, March 2, 2004, in Korean.

38. Song Hyo-sam, “The Heart of Socialist Korea,”
Nodong Sinmun
, June 3, 2002, 2, in Korean, cited by KCNA on June 4, 2002.

39. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 197.

40. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 197.

41. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 196.

42. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 196.

43. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 196.

44. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 173.

45. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 172.

46. Chon,
Saram-ui Tongil
, 172.

47. Philippe Grangereau,
Au pays du grand mensonge: Voyage en Coree du Nord
(Paris: Payot and Rivages, 2001), 187, in French.

48. Cho Taek-pom, “Must Not Even in the Slightest Tolerate Imperialist Ideological and Cultural Infiltration,”
Nodong Sinmun
via the Uriminjokkiri website, November 22, 2004, in Korean.

49. A good English-language survey of religion in North Korea is David Hawk’s
Thank You Father Kim Il Sung: Eyewitness Accounts of Severe Violations of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in North Korea
(Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on International Freedom, November 2005). Updates on the state of religious freedom in North Korea can be found in the commission’s annual reports.

50. Kang In Duk, “North Korea’s Policy on Religion,”
East Asian Review
7, no. 3 (autumn 1995): 89–101. The original source of the statistics is the ROK government’s annual
White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea.
See Soo-am Kim, Keum-soon Lee, and Soon-hee Lim,
White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea, 2007
(Seoul: [ROK] Korea Institute for National Unification, 2007), 171.

51. Kang, “North Korea’s Policy on Religion,” 94.

52. Kang, “North Korea’s Policy on Religion,” 91. Also see Kim, Lee, and Lim,
White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea
, 171.

53. Kim Jong-il, “Giving Priority to Ideological Work Is an Essential Requisite for Accomplishing the Socialist Cause,” KCBS, June 20, 1995, in Korean.

54. “Religious Bodies Get Greater Role in N. Korea with Aid from South,” Yonhap, June 22, 2006, in English.

55. “Religious Believers Do Exist in N. Korea: Survey,” Yonhap, February 26, 2008, in English.

56. Some of the parallels noted here come from Susan Rothbaum, “Between Two Worlds: Issues of Separation and Identity after Leaving a Religious Community,” in
Falling from the Faith: Causes and Consequences of Religious Apostasy
, ed. David G. Bromley (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988), 205–28; quotations from 208–10.

57. Kim Myong-chol, “Public Awareness in Military-First Era,”
Minju Choson
, September 28, 2003, 2, in Korean.

58. Rothbaum, “Between Two Worlds,” 214–16.