CHAPTER 16. FUSION AND RIVALRY UNDER THE DELHI SULTANATE
1
Hess and Singh,
The Bijak of Kabir
, 42.
3
Chattopadhyaya,
Representing the Other
, 29, 43, 89-90.
5
Chattopadhyaya,
Representing the Other
, 71
6
Ibn Batuta,
Travels, A.D. 1325-1354
, written in the fourteenth century, trans. H. A. R. Gibb.
11
Schimmel,
The Empire
, 107.
16
Ibid., 235, citing Ibn Asir.
28
“Jains and Hindus Befriended,” in Husain’s
Tughluq Dynasty.
36
Eaton,
The Rise of Islam
, 268-90.
41
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 248-71.
42
Chattopadhyaya,
Representing the Other
, 52, 55, 57, 60, 84, 88.
43
West,
Indo-European Poetry
, 467.
44
Digby,
Warhorse and Elephant
.
49
Encyclopaedia Britannica,
s. v. “polo.”
52
Gommans,
The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,
71.
55
Stephen Inglis, personal communication, March 26, 1985.
56
Pusalker,
The Struggle for Empire
, 523.
57
Nagaswamy, “Gateway to the Gods.”
58
Mookerji,
The History of Indian Shipping
, 195.
59
Leshnik, “The Horse in India,” 56.
62
Subrahmanyam, “The Political Economy of Commerce”; C. Gupta, “Horse Trade in North India.”
64
Abu’l Fazl,
Ain-i-akbari
, vol. 1, 142.
65
Gommans,
The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire
, 72.
67
Ibid., 72-73, quoting J. L. Kipling,
Beast and Man in India
, 167-68.
69
Gommans,
The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire
, 74.
70
Polo,
The Travels
, 357;
Marco Polo: The Description of the World
, 174.
71
Gommans,
The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire
, 74.
73
Eaton, “Temple Desecration in Pre-modern India.”
81
Davis,
Lives of Images,
90-112.
84
Ibid., 241, citing Ferishta.
88
Sarkar,
Beyond Nationalist Frames,
255
89
Davis,
Lives of Images
, 113, citing Amir Khusraw,
90
Keay,
India
, 258, citing Barani.
91
Davis,
Lives of Indian Images
, 133-35.
92
Eaton, “Temple Desecration in Pre-modern India.”
94
Schimmel,
The Empire
, 107.
97
Metcalf,
A Concise History
, 3.
100
Eaton, “Temple Desecration in Pre-Modern India,” 303.
101
Ibid., 285, 287, citing Tod,
Annals
, vol. 1, 23.
102
Ernst, “Situating Sufism and Yoga,” 24-25, citing Buzurg ibn Shahriyar,
The Book of the Marvels of India
, 132.
103
Ibid., citing
Taranatha’s History of Buddhism in India
, 320.
104
Schimmel,
The Empire
, 128.
106
Schimmel,
The Empire
, 109.
107
Behl and Weightman,
Madhu Malati
, xiii.
108
Ernst, “Islamization of Yoga,” 107.
110
Doniger, “The Clever Wife in Indian Mythology.”
112
Schimmel,
The Empire
, 107.
114
Mitter,
Indian Art,
87-89.
115
Flood,
Introduction
, 144.
116
Amartya Sen, Foreword to K. M. Sen,
Hinduism,
xix, citing K. M. Sen,
Medieval Mysticism of India,
146-52.
117
Flood,
Introduction
, 142.
119
Lorenzen,
Kabir Legends
, 26-27, citing Anantadas, 7, 43-44, 47, citing contemporary oral tradition.
121
Lorenzen,
Kabir Legends
, 43-45, 47, citing contemporary oral tradition.
124
Ibid., 50, from the
Dabistan-i-Mazahib.
125
Nandy, “Sati as Profit Versus Sati as a Spectacle,” 136.
126
Kabir,
The Weaver’s Songs
, trans. Dharwadkar, 162.
128
Hess,
The Bijak
, no. 30, 51.
131
Flood,
Introduction
, 145.
132
Lorenzen,
Kabir Legends,
29, citing Anantadas,
Kabir parachai
, 1693 ms. 4.10-15.
133
Ibid., 65, citing Paramananda-das,
Kabir Manshur
.
134
Hess,
The Bijak
, no. 41, 55.
135
Hess,
A Touch of Grace
, xxi.
137
Narayana Rao et al.
Textures of Time
.
138
Ajay Rao, “Othering Muslims or Srivaisnava-Saiva Contestation?”
139
Pollock, “Ramayana and Political Imagination in India,” 278.
140
Ajay Rao,
Srivaisnava Hermeneutics
.
141
Ajay Rao, “Othering Muslims or Srivaisnava-Saiva Contestation?
142
Verghese,
Religious Traditions at Vijayanagara
, 121.
143
Chattopadhyaya,
Representing the Other,
60
144
Wagoner, “Sultan among Hindu Kings,” 851-80.
145
Keay,
India,
303, 305, 307.
147
Narayana Rao et al.,
Textures of Time
, 44-52, 73-77.
149
Michell,
Art and Architecture,
133.
153
Ramanujan,
Speaking of Siva
.
154
Flood,
Introduction
, 171.
155
Ramanujan,
Speaking of Siva
, 28.
156
Ibid., 88; “The Myths of Bhakti,” 99.
158
Davis,
The Lives of Indian Images
.
159
Shulman, untitled review of
Siva’s Warriors
, 313.
161
Narayana Rao,
Siva’s Warriors
, 235.
163
Ramanujan, “Varieties of Bhakti,” 324-31;
Speaking of Siva
, 111-42.
164
Mahadevyyakka 328; Ramanujan,
Speaking of Siva
, 141; “Varieties of Bhakti,” 324.
165
Ramanujan, “Varieties of Bhakti,” 326.
166
Ramanujan,
Speaking of Siva
, 127.
CHAPTER 17. AVATAR AND ACCIDENTAL GRACE IN THE LATER PURANAS
1
Padma Purana
2.1.5.1-35; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
136-37.
2
Pollock, “Sanskrit Literary Culture from the Inside Out,” 102.
3
Hess,
The Bijak,
no. 8, 45-46.
6
Killingley, “Hinduism, Darwinism and Evolution.”
8
Taittiriya Samhita
7.1.5.1;
Shatapatha Brahmana
14.1.2.11.
11
Hawley,
Krishna, The Butter Thief.
12
Rank,
The Myth of the Birth of the Hero;
Dundes, “The Hero Pattern.”
16
Ibid. 10.7.37, 10.13.44.
17
Brahmavaivarta Purana
4.15; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women,
103-04.
18
Beck, “Krishna as Loving Husband,” 71, citing Charlotte Vaudeville.
19
Behl and Weightman,
Madhu Malati.
20
Brahmavaivarta Purana
4.15.
21
Whaling,
The Rise of the Religious Significance of Rama,
138; Hess, “Rejecting Sita.”
22
Adhyatma-ramayana
3.7.1-10.
24
Brahmavaivarta Purana
2.14.1-59.
26
The earliest texts that allude to the Buddha avatar may antedate the
Mahabharata
(Banerjea,
The Development of Hindu Iconography,
392; Schrader,
Introduction,
43-47), but this has yet to be proved (Klostermaier,
Hinduism,
58-59).
27
Kumbhakona ed. of
Mahabharata,
2.348.2; 12, appendix 1, no. 32, lines 1-17; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
188.
28
Bhavisya Purana
3.1.6.35-421; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
203.
29
Hazra,
Studies in the Puranic Records,
88.
30
Krishna Sastri, “Two Statues of Pallava Kings,” 5; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
188.
33
Bhuridatta Jataka,
no. 543, esp. verses 210-11.
35
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women,
80-129.
36
Bhagavata Purana
6.8.19.
38
Matsya Purana
47.24, 54.19.
39
Kshemendra,
Dashavatarcharita
9.1-74.
41
Krishna Sastri, “Two Statues of Pallava Kings,” 5-7.
42
Devibhagavata Purana
10.5.13,
dushta-yajnavighataya.
43
Glasenapp,
Von Buddha zu Gandhi,
113.
44
Hess,
The Bijak,
no. 8, 45-46.
47
Personal communication from Prof. Richard F. Gombrich, Oxford, U.K., 1973.
48
Holt,
The Buddhist Vishnu.
49
Huntingon,
A Study of Puranic Myth,
33.
50
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil,
179.
52
Goetz,
Studies in the History and Art,
77-80, discussing a frame in Srinagar Museum, of Shankara-varman (r. 883-902).
53
Thapar,
Early India,
277.
56
Mahabharata
3.188.86-93, 189.1-13.
58
Ibid., 5.17.11; 5.18.1-6; cf.
Bhagavata Purana
6.18.19.
59
Banerjea,
The Development,
424.
60
Kalki Purana
1.1.14-39; 2.6-7, 3.6-7.
61
Sternbach, reveiw of R. C. Hazra.
62
Michell,
Art and Architecture,
101.
63
Bhagavata Purana
12.2.19.
64
Ivanow, “The Sect of Imam Shah in Gujurat,” 62-64.
65
Bhagavata Purana
8.24.7-57;
Agni Purana
2.1-17.
66
Vishnu Purana
5.17.11;
Bhagavata Purana
5.18.1-6.
67
Devibhagavata Purana
1.5.1-112; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Women,
224.
69
Michell,
Art and Architecture,
51.
70
Doniger,
Splitting the Difference,
204-16.
71
Goldman, “Fathers, Sons, and Gurus.”
72
Shatapatha Brahmana
1.2.5.1-9.
74
Taittiriya Brahmana
1.5.9.1;
Mahabharata
12.160.26-28.
75
Harivamsha
71.48-72,
Vamana Purana
51,
Matsya Purana
244-46.
76
Devibhagavata Purana
4.15.36-71.
77
Skanda Purana
1.1.18.121-29.
78
Vishnu Purana
1.15-20;
Bhagavata Purana
7.1-10.
79
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
248-71.
81
Èliade,
Briser le toit de la maison.
82
Vamana Purana
S
.
24.6-17.
83
Skanda Purana
1.1.31.1-78.
84
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
248-72.
85
Doniger O’Flaherty, “Ethical and Non-Ethical Implications,” 196-98.
86
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
231-36.
87
Skanda Purana, Kedara Khanda,
5.101.
89
Shiva Purana
2.1.17.48-2.1.18.39.
90
Shiva Purana Mahatmya
2.1-40.
91
Skanda Purana
1.1.18.53-120; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
127-28.
92
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
308-09.
93
Hazra,
Studies in the Puranic Records,
99n.
94
Bhagavata Purana
7.1.29-30; 10.44.39.
95
Skanda Purana, Kedara Khanda,
5.92-95.
97
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil,
321-31.
98
Vamana Purana
S. 26.4-62; 27.1-23.
99
Skanda Purana
7.1.336.95-253; cf.
Garuda Purana
6.4-8.