Authors: Martin Gilbert
57
The Third Anniversary of the Liquidation of the Ghetto in Cracow
, Cracow 1946, page 150.
58
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 342.
59
The Third Anniversary, op. cit.
, page 150.
60
Yaffa Eliach,
Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust, op. cit.
61
Testimony of Moshe Bejski: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.
62
Bezwinska and Czech,
op. cit.
, page 7.
63
Trude Neumann’s son committed suicide in 1946.
64
Molho,
op. cit.
; Danuta Czech, ‘Deportation und Vernichtung der griechischen Juden’:
Hefte von Auschwitz
, 11, 1970; ‘Report from Salonica’,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, February 1945: Foreign Office papers, 371/51115.
65
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 297.
66
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 327.
67
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 314–15.
68
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 336.
69
Ibid.
, page 363.
70
Ibid.
, page 374.
71
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, columns 41–2.
72
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 329 (Dr Cung) and page 347 (Dr Fryd).
73
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, pages 599–600.
74
Letter received in the Reich Chancellery on 25 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-1903.
75
Der Sturmer
, 25 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, exhibit M-138.
76
From Skopje, 2,338 Jews reached Treblinka on March 28 (after six days on the journey), 2,405 on March 31 (after six days) and 2,404 on April 5 (after seven days): Arad,
Treblinka, op. cit.
77
Rudashevski,
Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, op. cit.
78
Isaac Kowalski,
A Secret Press in Nazi Europe: the Story of the Jewish United Partisan Organization in Vilna
, New York 1969, page 394.
79
Diary of W. Sakowicz, 5 April 1943:
The Paneriai Museum, op. cit.
, pages 8–9.
80
Report of 1 May 1943:
ibid.
, page 9.
81
Kaczerginski’s memoirs, first published in the magazine
Tsukunft
(‘Future’) in New York,
April 1949, pages 134–6: Rubin,
Voices of a People, op. cit.
, page 459, note 41.
82
Notes of a discussion held on the morning of 17 April 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document D-736.
28. WARSAW, APRIL 1943: HOPELESS DAYS OF REVOLT
1
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 178.
2
Recalled by Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 25.
3
Stefan Krakowski,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 62, 1967.
4
Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 25.
5
These were Brigadier Jurgen Stroop’s figures: Gutman,
Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 375.
6
Gutman,
Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, pages 375–6. Stroop reports 380 Jews caught in the bunkers on the first day.
7
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.
8
Borzykowski,
Between Tumbling Walls, op. cit.
, pages 57–8.
9
Rubin,
op. cit.
, page 453.
10
Leon Najberg, diary entry for 20 April 1943: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Archive (New York), document provided by Dr Lucjan Dobroszycki, translated by Mira Marody.
11
Alexander Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 146.
12
Leon Najberg,
op. cit.
13
Anielewicz letter: Meed,
On Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit.
, pages 194–5.
14
Najberg diary, 25 April 1943,
op. cit.
15
B. Mark (editor),
The Report of Jurgen Stroop
, Warsaw 1958, page 55, teletype message of 26 April 1943.
16
Donat,
Holocaust Kingdom
, page 159.
17
Meed,
op. cit.
, pages 180–1.
18
Borzykowski,
op. cit.
, page 66.
19
Lubetkin,
op. cit.
, pages 202–3.
20
Bartoszewski,
Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit.
, page 179.
21
Lubetkin,
op. cit.
, page 293.
22
Ignacy Schwarzbart, diary, 19 May 1943, London: Schwarzbart papers, Yad Vashem archive.
23
Hadassa Talmon, testimony: Lossin,
op. cit.
, page 377.
24
Donat,
The Death Camp Treblinka, op. cit.
, page 77.
25
Information from Dr Krakowski of Yad Vashem.
26
Zivia Lubetkin, ‘Last Days of the Warsaw Ghetto’,
Commentary
, New York, May 1947.
27
Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 25.
28
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 292–3.
29
Mark,
op. cit.
, pages 105–7, teletype message of 24 May 1943.
30
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 288.
31
Zygielbojm letter: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 363.
32
Mark,
op. cit.
, page 104, teletype message of 16 May 1943.
33
Najberg diary, 19 May 1943,
op. cit.
34
Arie (Leon) Najberg,
The Last Ones
(in Hebrew), Tel Aviv 1958: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 399.
35
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 400.
29. ‘THE CRASHING FIRES OF HELL’
1
Hirsh Glik, discussion and poem: Rubin,
op. cit.
, pages 453–5.
2
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 300.
3
Recollections of Lena Berg: Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 299.
4
Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, pages 108–9.
5
Testimony of Yisrael Gutman: Eichmann Trial, 2 June 1961, session 63.
6
‘Children lured to death with sugar’:
Jewish Chronicle
, 9 November 1979.
7
Testimony of David Wdowinski: Eichmann Trial, 6 June 1961, session 67.
8
Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 345–6.
9
It was at Trawniki that the Germans trained the Ukrainian S.S. guards for Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec.
10
Meed, On
Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit.
, pages 210–11.
11
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 33.
12
Testimony of Zeew Jungsztajn (Ze’ev Yungstein), born in March 1934 in Zelechow, south-east of Warsaw: Yad Vashem archive, M-1/E, 1251/1209.
13
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, pages 422–3.
14
Falstein,
Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, pages 327–8.
15
Shalom Kohn (Stanislaw Kon), ‘The Treblinka Revolt’: Donat,
The Death Camp Treblinka, op. cit.
, pages 225–6.
16
Testimony of Kalman Feigman: Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 240.
17
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman, ‘Punishment of War Criminals’,
op. cit.
18
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 240.
19
‘Convoi XX du 19 avril 1943’: Klarsfeld and Steinberg,
Memorial de la Deportation, op. cit.
20
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction, op. cit.
, pages 316–17.
21
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 848.
22
Gusta Draenger’s diary,
Pamietnik Justyny
, was published in Cracow in 1945. An important extract was published in Dawidowicz,
A Holocaust Reader, op. cit.
, pages 340–7.
23
Account taken down by Dr Olga Bamicz from six survivors of Sobibor: Yad Vashem archive, O3/2952, page 62.
24
Testimony of Dov Freiberg: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.
25
Material on the Riga Ghetto: Yad Vashem archive.
26
Testimony of Aaron Wald: Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 327.
27
Telegram No. 2678, 28 April 1943:
ibid.
, page 328.
28
Ibid.
, pages 327–8.
29
Testimony of Eliezer Karstatt, Eichmann Trial, 5 May 1961, session 29.
30
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-2757.
31
Robert Attal, ‘Tunis, Tunisia’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 15, columns 1447–1448.
32
Tom Bower, ‘Rauff: the Great Escape’:
The Times
, 16 May 1984.
33
Jack (Idel) Kagan recollections: in conversation with the author, London.
34
Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, page 137.
35
‘Report on the Extermination of Jews in the Galicia District’, 20 June 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document L-018.
36
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, pages 444–5.
37
Testimony of Colonel D. S. Zilberman: Yad Vashem archive.
38
Letter of 13 May 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2003.
39
Letter of 19 May 1943: International Military Tribunal,
Nuremberg, document NO-5789.
40
Randolph L. Braham,
The Politics of Genocide: the Holocaust in Hungary
, New York 1981, volume 1, page 252, note 70.
41
‘The Mengele Case—a Summary’, document no. 50/4, JS 340/68, Office of the Public Prosecutor, Regional Court of Frankfurton-Main, in connection with the Regional Court’s Order of Arrest dated 19 January 1981. See Ernie Mayer, ‘The Case against Josef Mengele’,
Jerusalem Post International Edition
, week ending 9 February 1985, page 11.
42
Testimony of Dr Azriel Ne’eman, reported in the
Jerusalem Post International Edition
, week ending 16 February 1985.
43
Testimony of Dr Ella Lingens:
Jerusalem Post International Edition
, week ending 16 February 1985.
44
General Government, ‘Working Session, 31st May 1943’:
Hans Frank Diary, op. cit.
, entry for 31 May 1943.
45
Harris,
Tyranny on Trial, op. cit.
, pages 362–3.
46
Testimony of Tadeusz Seweryn: Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, page 607.
47
Meed,
op. cit.
, page 205.
48
Lodz Chronicle, 21 May 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 340.
49
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 403.
50
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg: document NO-065.
51
Doctor Albert Menasche, number 124,454,
Birkenau (Auschwitz II), Memoirs of an Eye-Witness: How 72,000 Greek Jews Perished
, New York 1947.
52
See Fania Fenelon (with Marcelle Routier),
The Musicians of Auschwitz
, London 1977.
53
Letter of 15 June 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-1242.
54
‘Jaworzno’:
Obozy hitlerowskie, op. cit.
, page 371, Camp Listing number 3296.
55
Letter of 16 June 1943 (in reply to a request of 1 June 1943): International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-011 (the request being document NO-010).
56
Letter of 21 June 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-087.
57
Notes of 15 and 26 October 1944: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-091.
58
Leon Weliczker Wells,
The Janowska Road
, New York 1970, pages 141–2.
59
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 363.
60
Lodz Chronicle, 12 June 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 345.
61
Cholawski, ‘The Judenrat in Minsk’,
op. cit.
, page 128.
62
Henry Wasserman, ‘Ostrava’ (‘Moravska Ostrava’, ‘Maehrisch-Ostrau’):
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 12, column 1512.
63
Leopold Trepper,
The Great Game: the Story of the Red Orchestra
, London 1977, Appendix 1, pages 419–21, with facsimile.
64
Ania Goldman, in conversation with the author, Czestochowa.
65
Leon Weliczker Wells,
op. cit.
, page 253, note 1.
66
Testimony of Halina Preston (nee Wind): Yad Vashem archives.
67
Gerta Hollaender, ‘Marvellously I Escaped Death: a Chapter of a Diary’: Czortkow memorial book,
op. cit.
68
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, page 470.
69
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 278–9.