The Idea of Israel (51 page)

30
Ibid.

31
David Ben-Gurion’s Speech, Labour Party Archives, Beit Berl, Mapai Secretariat, (7 December 1938).

32
Segev,
The Seventh Million
, p. 83.

33
The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust
, directed by Benny Brunner, 1995.

34
Marek Edelman,
Resisting the Holocaust: Fighting Back in the Warsaw Ghetto
, London: Ocean, 2004; Idith Zertal,
Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

35
Benedict Anderson,
Imagined Communities
, London: Verso, 1983; Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger,
The Invention of Tradition
, Cambridge: Canto Books, 1983.

36
Edelman,
Resisting the Holocaust
.

37
Quoted in Zertal,
Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood
, p. 35.

38
Ibid., pp. 54–6.

39
Ibid.

40
Anderson,
Imagined Communities
, p. 57.

41
Primo Levi,
The Drowned and the Saved
, New York: Abacus, 1988, pp. 78–85.

42
Quoted in Zertal,
Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood
, p. 27.

43
Ibid., p. 28.

44
Hannah Arendt,
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
, New York: Viking, 1968.

45
See Yair Auron,
The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide
, New York: Transactions Publishers, 2001.

46
Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, ‘The Morality of Acknowledging/Not-acknowledging the Other’s Holocaust/Genocide’,
Journal of Moral Education
, 27:2, (1998), p. 161.

47
Adi Ofir, ‘On “Hidush Ha-Shem”: The Holocaust as an Anti-Theological Tract’,
Politika
, 8, (1986), pp. 4–5 (Hebrew).
Hilul Ha-Shem
means sacrilegious.
Ha-Shem
is one of God’s names, and
Hidush
means Renewal.

48
See Eyal Sivan,
Yizkor
.

49
Nurith Gertz, ‘The Early Israeli Cinema as Silencer of Memory’,
Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
, 24:1, (Fall 2005).

50
Ibid.

51
This is the excellent summary of Milton Viorst, ‘After the Fact: A Review of
The Seventh Million’, Journal of Palestine Studies
, 24:2, (Winter 1995), p. 94; see also Segev,
The Seventh Million
, pp. 123–40.

52
Hanna Yablonka, ‘The Development of Holocaust Consciousness in Israel: The Nuremberg, Kapos, Kastner, and Eichmann Trials’,
Israel Studies
, 8:3, (Fall 2003).

53
Idith Zertal,
From Catastrophe to Power: The Holocaust Survivors and the Emergence of Israel
, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998.

54
Yosef Grodzinsky,
Good Human Material: Jews Against Zionists, 1945–1951
, Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1998 (Hebrew).

55
See the episode described in Pappe,
The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951
, p. 31.

56
Grodzinsky,
Good Human Material
.

57
Aviva Halamish,
The Exodus Affair: Holocaust Survivors and the Struggle for Palestine
, Albany, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1998.

58
M. M. Silver,
Our Exodus: Leon Uris and the Americanisation of Israel’s Founding Story
, Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2010.

59
See Pappe,
The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951
, pp. 24–5.

60
Arendt,
Eichmann in Jerusalem
, p. 229.

61
Quoted and discussed in Nicholas Patruno,
Understanding Primo Levi
, Miami, FL: University of South California Press, 1995, p. 122.

62
See Yablonka, ‘The Development of a Holocaust Consciousness in Israel’ and Zertal,
Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood
, pp. 69–71.

63
Ibid., pp. 196–8.

64
Quoted in an interview he gave to
Yeidoth Ahronoth
on 18 June 1982.

65
Amos Oz, ‘Hitler Is Already Dead, Mr Prime Minister’,
Yeidoth Ahronoth
, (21 June 1982).

66
Novick,
The Holocaust in American Life
, p. 158.

67
Gur-Ze’ev, ‘The Morality of Acknowledging/Not-acknowledging the Other’s Holocaust/Genocide’.

68
Moshe Zuckermann,
Shoah in the Sealed Room: The ‘Holocaust’ in the Israeli Press During the Gulf War
, Tel Aviv: self-publication 1993 (Hebrew).

69
Also this year this alternative ceremony took place in the school.

8 The Idea of Israel and the Arab Jews

1
Yehouda Shenhav, ‘The Jews of Iraq, Zionist Ideology, and the Property of the Palestinian Refugees of 1948: An Anomaly of National Accounting’,
International Journal of Middle East Studies
, 31:4 (November 1999), pp. 605–30.

2
Ibid.

3
Ibid.

4
Ibid., p. 605.

5
This text is now available in English, see Ella Shohat, ‘Remembering Baghdad Elsewhere: An Emotional Cartography’,
Jadaliyya
,
jadaliyya.com
, (1 April 2013).

6
Ariella Azoulay, ‘Mother Tongue, Father Tongue’, Yigal Nizri, ed.,
Eastern Appearances: Mother Tongue
, Tel Aviv: Babel, 2004, p. 160 (Hebrew).

7
Quoted in Smooha,
Israel: Pluralism and Conflict
, p. 88. See also the apologetic article by Meyrav Wumser, ‘Post-Zionism and the Sephardi Question’,
Middle East Quarterly
, 12:2, Fall 2005, pp. 21–30.

8
Quoted in Sammy Smooha,
Israel: Pluralism and Conflict
, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978.

9
Quoted in Sami Shalom Chetrit,
The Mizrachi Struggle in Israel, Between Oppression and Liberation, Identity and Alternative, 1948–2003
, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 2004, p. 65 (Hebrew).

10
Quoted in Smooha,
Israel: Pluralism and Conflict
, p. 88.

11
Aryeh Gelblum,
Haaretz
, (22 April 1949).

12
Ilan Pappe, ‘Edward Said’s Impact on Post-Zionist Critique in Israel’, Adel Iskandar and Hakem Rustom, ed.,
Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation
, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010, pp. 321–2.

13
Eli Avraham,
The Media in Israel: Centre and Periphery – The Coverage of the Development Towns
, Tel Aviv: Breirot, 1993, p. 32 (Hebrew).

14
Edward Said, ‘Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims’,
The Edward Said Reader
, Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin, ed., New York: Vintage, 2000, pp. 68–114; Ella Shohat, ‘Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims’,
Social Text
, 19/20, (Autumn 1988), pp. 1–35.

15
These ideas were gathered in Moshe Behar and Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, ed.,
Modern Middle Eastern Jewish Thought: Writings on Identity, Politics, and Culture, 1893–1958
, Boston: Brandeis University Press, 2012.

16
Moshe Behar, ‘Is the Mizrachi Question Relevant to the Future of the Entire Middle East’,
Kedma.org
, (January 1997) (Hebrew).

17
Sami Shalom Chetrit,
Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel: White Jews, Black Jews
, London and New York: Routledge, 2013.

18
See Yehouda Shenhav, ed.,
Colonialism and the Post-Colonialist Condition
, Jerusalem: Van Leer, 2004 (Hebrew).

19
Quote from Lorenzo Veracini,
Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview
, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p. 1; see also Patrick Wolfe,
Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology
, London: Bloomsbury 1998; and Edward Cavanagh,
Settler Colonialism and Land Rights in South Africa: Possession and Dispossession on the Orange River
, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

20
Ella Shohat, ‘The Invention of the
Mizrachim’, Journal of Palestine Studies
, 29:1, (Autumn 1999), pp. 5–20.

21
Chetrit,
Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel
.

22
Yossi Yonah, Yonit Naaman and David Machlev, ed.,
Rainbow of Opinions: A Mizrachi Agenda for Israel
, Jerusalem: November Books, 2007 (Hebrew).

23
From his poem ‘I Am an Arab Refugee’, 2004. The best line in the quotation is an oath Jews use with regard to Jerusalem.

24
Smadar Lavie, ‘Arrival of the New Cultured Tenants’,
Times Literary Supplement
, (14 June 1991).

25
Yoav Peled, ‘Towards a Redefinition of Jewish Nationalism in Israel? The Engima of Shas’,
Ethnic and Racial Studies
, 21:4, (1998), pp. 703–23.

26
Traubman,
Haaretz
.

27
Chetrit,
Intra-Jewish Conflict in Israel
.

9 The Post-Zionist Cultural Moment

1
Quoted in Yigal Nizri, ‘Foreword: From a Noun to Us’ in Nizri,
Eastern Appearance
, p. 27.

2
Ibid.

3
Dror Mishani, ‘The Mizrahi as a Linguistic Abberation’ in Nizri,
Eastern Appearance
, p. 86 (Hebrew).

4
Sami Shalom Chetrit,
Poems in Ashdodit
, Tel Aviv: Andalus, 2003 (Hebrew). Ashdod, the former depopulated Palestinian town Majdal, is where Chetrit grew up.

5
Ilan Pappe, ‘Post-Zionism and Its Popular Culture’ in Rebecca L. Stein and Ted Swedenburg, ed.,
Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Popular Culture
, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.

6
Albert Swissa,
Bound
, Tel Aviv: Hakkibutz Hameuhad, 1985 (Hebrew), and Yerach Gover,
Zionism: The Limits of Moral Discourse in Israeli Hebrew Fiction
, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

7
Yitzhak Laor,
The People, Food Fit for a King
, Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1994 (Hebrew).

8
Yitzhak Laor,
In the Spring: After the Reserve Service (Early Stories)
, Tel Aviv: Keter, 2000, p. 137 (Hebrew).

9
David Grossman,
The Yellow Wind
, New York: Picador, 2002, and
Sleeping on a Wire: Conversations with Palestinians in Israel
, New York: Picador, 2003.

10
See Dina Goren, ‘The Media in Israel’,
Skira Hodshit
, 8–9, (August/September 1984), pp. 57–67 (Hebrew).

11
Issam Abu Riya, ‘The Arab Minority and the Israeli Media’ in Issam Abu Riya et al., ed.,
Exclusion and Negative Images
, The Israeli Civil Rights Report, 2002 (Hebrew).

12
Calev Ben-David and David Wainer, ‘The Controversy Over Israel’s Business Élite’,
Bloomberg Businessweek
, (7 October 2010).

13
Yaron Ezrahi,
Rubber Bullets: Power and Consciousness in Modern Israel
, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997.

14
Waltz with Bashir
, directed by Ari Folman, 2008;
The Gatekeepers
, directed by Dror Moreh, 2012.

15
Ezrahi,
Rubber Bullets
.

16
See a very incisive analysis of liberal Zionism in Honig-Parnass,
The False Prophets
.

10 On the Post-Zionist Stage and Screen

1
Hanoch Levin,
The Labour of Life: Selected Plays
, trans. Barborn Harshaw, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.

2
Dan Urian,
The Arab in Drama and Israeli Theatre
, London and New York: Routledge, 1997.

3
See Ilan Pappe, ‘A Text in the Eyes of the Beholder: Four Theatrical Interpretations of Kanafani’s Men in the Sun’,
Contemporary Theatre Review
, 3, (1995), pp. 157–74.