30
Randall Lee Gibson to J.F.H. Claiborne, April 20, 1878, Claiborne Papers.
31
Ibid.; J.F.H. Claiborne to Randall Lee Gibson, May 15, 1878, box 1, folder 6, Gibson Papers, Tulane; John G. Jones to McKinley Gibson, May 17, 1878, reprinted in William Winans,
Funeral Sermons of Rev. Randal Gibson and Mrs. Harriet Gibson
(Lexington, Ky., n.d.), pp. 40-43. The letter appeared in a later edition of Winans's 1837 funeral sermons that was published for the Gibson family in Lexington, Kentucky.
32
Jones to Gibson, May 17, 1878.
33
Congressional Record
7 (1878), p. 1346; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 173-74.
34
“Madison Wells Retracts,”
Daily Picayune
, April 7, 1878, p. 6; Sarah Gibson Humphreys to Hart Gibson, April 22, 1895, Pettit Collection.
35
Randall Lee Gibson to William Preston Johnston, September 14, 1878, box 18, folder 19, Barrett Collection; Randall Lee Gibson to McKinley Gibson, August 4, 1879, ser. 5, folder 10, Gibson and Humphreys Papers.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: WALL: WASHINGTON, D.C., JANUARY 21, 1880
1
See generally Robert C. Byrd,
The Senate, 1789-1989: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), p. 222; Donald A. Ritchie,
Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991).
2
Report and Testimony of the Select Committee of the United States Senate to Investigate the Causes of the Removal of the Negroes from the Southern States to the Northern States
, S. Rep. 46-693 (1880), p. 20; and “The Negro Exodus in Congress,”
Indianapolis Daily Sentinel
, December 18, 1879, p. 4. For overviews of the Negro Exodus, see Steven Hahn,
A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 317-63; Heather Cox Richardson,
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 156-82; and Nell Irvin Painter,
Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction
(New York: Knopf, 1976).
3
F. C. Adams,
Our Little Monarchy: Who Runs It, and What It Costs
(Washington, D.C.: F. A. Fills, 1873), p. 6; Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863- 1877
(1988; reprint, New York: Perennial Classics, 2002), pp. 461-62, 512; Contract with Robert J. Fleming for the Construction of Hillside Cottage, box 3, folder 22, Langston Papers.
4
Amanda Wall to Edward P. Smith, May 31, 1870, American Missionary Association Archives; Amanda Wall to O. O. Howard, February 11, 1872, Howard Papers.
5
Foner,
Reconstruction,
p. 512; Rayford W. Logan,
Howard University: The First Hundred Years, 1867-1967
(Washington, D.C.: Howard University, 1969), pp. 42, 64; Constance McLaughlin Green,
The Secret City: A History of Race Relations in the Nation's Capital
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967), p. 113.
6
Foner,
Reconstruction,
pp. 553-63;
United States v. Cruikshank
, 92 U.S. 542 (1876).
7
Green,
Secret City
; Kate Masur,
An Example for All the Land: Emancipation and the Struggle Over Equality in Washington, D.C.
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), pp. 134-38, 197, 217-21, 256; Thomas R. Johnson, “The City on the Hill: Race Relations in Washington, D.C., 1865-1885” (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, 1975), p. 247.
8
Green,
Secret City,
pp. 112, 115; James H. Whyte,
The Uncivil War: Washington During Reconstruction, 1865-1878
(New York: Twayne, 1958), pp. 233-34; Masur,
Example for All the Land
, pp. 250-51.
9
“The Case of Dr. C. B. Purvis and Prof. J. M. Langston vs. Messrs. Harvey and Holden,”
Daily Critic
, September 29, 1874, p. 4. See also Green,
Secret City
, pp. 119-23.
10
“The District Commissionership,”
Daily Critic
, May 2, 1877, p. 1; “Seeking for Suffrage,”
Washington Post
, October 22, 1878, p. 4; “The Mount Pleasant Meeting,”
Daily Critic
, April 27, 1877, p. 4;
Congressional Record
4 (1876), p. 5138; “The Lincoln Monument,”
Daily Critic
, March 21, 1876, p. 4.
11
“A Justice of the Peace and an Attorney,”
Daily Critic
, October 30, 1873, p. 4;
Wall v. Murtagh
, Law #12,492 (1874), Record Group 21, Records of the District Courts of the United States, District of Columbia, Law Case Files, National Archives, Washington, D.C. See also “Absent but Not Forgotten,”
Daily Critic
, April 21, 1874, p. 4; “O.S.B. Wall Speaks,”
Daily Critic
, June 16, 1877, p. 1; “Those Colored Justices,” letter to the editor,
Washington Post
, June 17, 1878, p. 2; “Jottings About Town,”
Daily Critic
, May 2, 1874, p. 4.
12
Report on the Management of the Freedmen's Hospital
, S. Rep. 45-209 (1878), pp. 162, 168.
14
Ibid., pp. 191, 239, 241, 288.
16
Ibid., pp. 219-20, 225; “The Cincinnati Convention: Electing District Delegates,”
Daily Critic
, March 27, 1876, p. 4.
17
“Those Colored Justices,”
Washington Post
, June 17, 1878, p. 2; “Concerning Mr. Wall,” letter to the editor,
Washington Post
, June 18, 1878, p. 2;
Report on Freedmen's Hospital
, p. 217.
18
Congressional Record
7 (1878), p. 3503; O.S.B. Wall to O. O. Howard, September 13, 1878, Howard Papers; Richard T. Greener to John E. Bruce, September 16, 1885, box 2, item 390, Bruce Papers; O.S.B. Wall to John Mercer Langston, September 16, 1879: Langston, “The Exodus,” in
Freedom and Citizenship: Selected Lectures and Addresses of Hon. John Mercer Langston
(1883; reprint, Miami, Ohio: Mnemosyne, 1969), p. 232.
19
Hahn,
Nation Under Our Feet
, pp. 319-28;
Congressional Record
8 (1879), p. 483.
20
“Bad for St. Louis,”
Daily Constitution,
April 22, 1879, p. 2; Painter,
Exodusters,
pp. 184-201.
21
Wall to Langston, September 16, 1879; “To Aid the Exodus of the Negroes from the South,”
New Haven Evening Register
, April 7, 1879, p. 1;
Report of the Select Committee to Investigate
, pp. 3, 35, 77; “Encouraging the Emigrants,”
Washington Post
, December 9, 1879, p. 1 (describing Purvis as a speaker at a mass meeting organized by Wall); and “The Negro Exodus Mass-Meeting,”
Washington Post
, May 6, 1879, p. 1.
22
John Mercer Langston, “The Exodus,” in
Freedom and Citizenship
, pp. 232, 249-50.
23
Report of the Select Committee to Investigate
, p. 166.
24
Ibid., pp. 32-33, 36, 72-73.
25
Report of the Select Committee to Investigate
, pp. 33, 90-91, 106-7; Frederick Douglass, “The Negro Exodus from the Gulf States” (September 12, 1879), in
Negro Orators and Their Orations
, ed. Carter G. Woodson (Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1925), pp. 453, 466; “Exposing the Exodus,”
Washington Post
, December 20, 1879, p. 1.
26
“Senator Voorhees: His Views on the Negro Exodus,”
Indianapolis Daily Sentinel
, December 23, 1879, p. 4; “City Talk and Chatter,”
Washington Post
, March 1, 1880, p. 4.
27
Report of the Select Committee to Investigate,
pp. 21-22.
41
Ibid., pp. 130, 412-13.
42
Ibid., p. 129 (quoting an editorial from the
Argus
dated December 6, 1879); “Sunday's Subscriptions,”
Washington Post
, January 3, 1881, p. 4; “Emancipation Day Appropriately Celebrated by the Colored People of the District,”
Evening Critic
, April 17, 1882, p. 1; “The Emancipation Celebration,”
Evening Critic
, March 25, 1882, p. 3; “The Emancipation Celebration,”
Evening Critic
, April 4, 1882, p. 3; “The Emancipation Celebration,”
Evening Critic
, April 6, 1882, p. 3; “Capt. O.S.B. Wall,”
Washington Bee
, November 22, 1884, p. 2; “The Color Line Again Drawn in the Public Schools: Colored Children Admitted to White Schools,”
Evening Critic
, September 22, 1882, p. 1; and “The Color Line in Schools,”
Washington Post
, September 23, 1882, p. 4.
43
“City Talk and Chatter,”
Washington Post
, March 1, 1880, p. 4;
Indianapolis Daily Sentinel
, April 22, 1879, p. 4; and “With the President: Some of the Callers at the White House To-day,”
Daily Critic
, June 8, 1881, p. 3. See also O.S.B. Wall to Sayles J. Bowen, June 8, 1881, box 4, Bowen Papers.
44
Report of the Select Committee to Investigate
, p. 30.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: GIBSON: WASHINGTON, D.C., NEW ORLEANS, AND HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS, 1888-92
1
Ray Hanley and Steven Hanley,
Hot Springs, Arkansas
(Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2000), p. 84.
2
Sarah Gibson Humphreys to Hart Gibson, November 28, 1892, Pettit Collection; see also “The Sick Statesman,”
Daily Picayune
, December 1, 1892, p. 3; and Mary Gorton McBride with Ann Mathison McLaurin,
Randall Lee Gibson of Louisiana: Confederate General and New South Reformer
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), pp. 253-55.
3
Randall Lee Gibson to William Preston Johnston, May 8, 1886, Barrett Collection; “Gen. Gibson's Will,”
Daily Picayune
, April 5, 1893, p. 3; “Randall Lee Gibson,”
Daily Picayune
, December 16, 1892, p. 1.
4
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 248-49.
5
Gibson to Johnston, May 8, 1886, box 25, folder 10; Gibson to Johnston, February 21, 1886, box 25, folder 4, Barrett Collection; McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 208.
6
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 249.
7
Preston Gibson to Randall Lee Gibson, March 15, 1892, box 1, folder 11, Gibson Papers, Tulane.
8
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 237ff.
9
See, e.g.,
Congressional Record
19 (1888), pp. 7865-66.
11
Ibid., p. 8985;
Congressional Record
20 (1889), p. 921.
12
Congressional Record
20 (1889), p. 922.
14
Stephen Crane, “Seen at Hot Springs,”
Macon Telegraph,
March 3, 1895.
15
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 254.
16
Crane, “Seen at Hot Springs.”
18
See generally Arthur Marvin Shaw,
William Preston Johnston: A Transitional Figure of the Confederacy
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1943); McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 187; Randall Lee Gibson to William Preston Johnston, January 17, 1867, box 13, folder 18, Barrett Collection.
19
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, pp. 194-207.
20
Ibid., pp. 189-90, 196-98; State ex rel.
Board of Administrators of Tulane Education Fund v. Board of Assessors
, 35 La. Ann. 668 (1883);
Administrators of Tulane Education Fund v. Board of Assessors
, 38 La. Ann. 292 (1886).
21
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 196; Mary G. McBride, “Senator Randall Lee Gibson and the Establishment of Tulane University,”
Louisiana History
28 (1987), pp. 245, 259.
22
Randall Lee Gibson to Board of Administrators of the Tulane Education Fund, February 20, 1884, 156-13-17, Legal Papers: Tulane Incorporation, McConnell Papers.
23
McBride,
Gibson of Louisiana
, p. 202.
24
Sarah Gibson Humphreys to Hart Gibson, November 28, 1892, Pettit Collection.
25
Mary G. McBride and Ann M. McLaurin, “Sarah G. Humphreys: Antebellum Belle to Equal Rights Activist, 1830-1907,”
Filson Club History Quarterly
65 (1991), pp. 231, 241.
27
Sarah Gibson Humphreys to Joseph A. Humphreys, June 10, 1883, Gibson and Humphreys Papers, quoted ibid.
28
McBride and McLaurin, “Sarah G. Humphreys,” p. 248.
29
Sarah Gibson Humphreys to Hart Gibson, December 13, 1892, Pettit Collection; McBride and McLaurin, “Antebellum Belle,” p. 254.
30
“Sudden Was Col. Gibson's Death,”
Lexington Morning Herald
, January 5, 1904, p. 5; “Noted Horse Breeder Dead,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, January 5, 1904, p. 10.