The Iron Heel (35 page)

Read The Iron Heel Online

Authors: Jack London

124
The street-car strike in San Francisco:
Strikes were common in large cities at the turn of the century in large cities like San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. London may have been referring to the 1906 Carmen's Union strike that was prominently played out in the San Francisco newspapers.
125
Farley:
James A. Farley (1888-1976) was an American politician and postmaster general (1933-1940) but was also known as “The King of the Strike Breakers,” especially at the beginning of the twentieth century.
125
Bull-pen:
The miner's strike referred to in northern Idaho occurred in 1892.
 
CHAPTER XI. THE GREAT ADVENTURE
 
134
“Joy upon joy ... own love-night”:
In a letter to his editor George Brett dated January 16, 1907, London writes, “You ask for the author of the poem that I quoted. I don't know. The poem was anonymous when I ran across it, and it was typewritten. I have been trying to find out myself the author, and the device of putting portions of the poem into the book in order to find [the author] was suggested to me and I utilized the suggestion.”
CHAPTER XII. THE BISHOP
 
138
alternations
: Could be a typographical error for “alterations.”
 
CHAPTER XIII. THE GENERAL STRIKE
 
147
William Randolph Hearst
(1863-1951): American journalist, publisher, and politician. At its height, Hearst's empire owned nine different magazines and eighteen newspapers in twelve cities. Hearst's subsequent career as a powerful media mogul tends to belie London's enthusiastic endorsement of him as a champion of the common man.
152
International Bureau:
The executive, coordinating body of the Second International set up in 1900 and consisting of representatives of socialist parties from various nations around the world.
 
CHAPTER XIV. THE BEGINNING OF THE END
 
157
W. J. Ghent
(1866-1942): William James Ghent, author and social reformer. London kept copies of both
Our Benevolent Feudalism
(1902) and Ghent's more famous work,
Mass and Class: A Survey of Social Divisions
(1904), in his library.
 
CHAPTER XVI. THE END
 
176
Russian passport system:
A reference to the internal national identification program instituted by the tsar to keep track of ethnic minorities such as Jews as well as political dissidents.
177
Fighting groups . . . of the Revolution:
London refers to the Fighting Organization of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionists, a group of militant terrorists formed in 1902 and instrumental in the 1905 Russian Revolution.
CHAPTER XVII. THE SCARLET LIVERY
 
180
the people of the abyss:
Title of a book published by London in 1903 detailing his experiences in the slums of East End London.
187
And then the capitalists . . . to convicting them:
A reference to the Florence and Cripple Creek Riots in Colorado in 1904.
187
Moyer and Haywood:
The arrest of William “Big Bill” Haywood (1869-1928) and Charles Moyer (1866-1929) in 1906 for the conspiracy to murder former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg led to a notorious trial. The two labor leaders were caught in Colorado but illegally extradited to Idaho.
187
Eugene V. Debs
(1855-1926): American socialist politician and leader. Eugene Victor Debs was a five-time presidential candidate on the Socialist Party ticket and the only man ever to run for the White House while incarcerated. London also wrote a short story, “The Dream of Debs,” which was first published in the
International Socialist Review
in 1909.
 
CHAPTER XVIII. IN THE SHADOW OF SONOMA
 
190
Anna Roylston:
According to London's daughter Joan, the character of Roylston is a tribute to his friend Jane Roulston, a Wellesley College graduate and fellow socialist. Joan London says, “Nevertheless Jack never forgot her, and she appears in
The Iron Heel
as Anna Roylston, the Red Virgin, fascinating, lovable and a genius, whom all men desired, but whose devotion to the Cause was so all-embracing that she denied herself love, marriage, and motherhood” (p. 181).
191
Once a writer . . . owned the ranch:
Jack London is referring to himself and his Beauty Ranch.
191
Spreckels:
Claus Spreckels (1828-1908), the California “Sugar King,” produced and refined sugar beet and sugar cane and also invested in the railroads. The Spreckels family empire in the central valleys of California soon spread throughout the state and reached into Hawaii.
194
S.L.P. / S.P.:
The Socialist Labor Party was at its height at the end of the nineteenth century before being split into several smaller factions, including the Socialist Party, founded in 1901.
CHAPTER XIX. TRANSFORMATION
 
200
gaseous vertebrate described by Haeckel:
A reference to
The Riddle of the Universe
(1901) by Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834-1919), German biologist and philosopher. Haeckel's materialist principles, including his support for organic evolution, were popular in London's time, and he refers to Haeckel in several of his letters and writings.
 
CHAPTER XX. A LOST OLIGARCH
 
205
Cabañas:
A town in western Cuba.
 
CHAPTER XXI. THE ROARING ABYSMAL BEAST
 
217
air-lines:
The straightest travel route between two points.
 
CHAPTER XXII. THE CHICAGO COMMUNE
 
221
A curious anecdote . . . edition of Chicago:
This anecdote also serves as London's opening paragraph for his review of Upton Sinclair's
The Jungle
(1906)—“Jack London on ‘The Jungle' ”—that appeared in the
New York Evening Journal,
August 6, 1906.
221
John Burns
(1858-1943): John Elliot Burns served in the British Parliament from 1892-1918.
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1
The Second Revolt was largely the work of Ernest Everhard, though he coöperated, of course, with the European leaders. The capture and secret execution of Everhard was the great event of the spring of 1932 A.D. Yet so thoroughly had he prepared for the revolt, that his fellow-conspirators were able, with little confusion or delay, to carry out his plans. It was after Everhard's execution that his wife went to Wake Robin Lodge, a small bungalow in the Sonoma Hills of California.
2
Without doubt she here refers to the Chicago Commune.
3
With all respect to Avis Everhard, it must be pointed out that Everhard was but one of many able leaders who planned the Second Revolt. And we, today, looking back across the centuries, can safely say that even had he lived, the Second Revolt would not have been less calamitous in its outcome than it was.
4
The Second Revolt was truly international. It was a colossal plan—too colossal to be wrought by the genius of one man alone. Labor, in all the oligarchies of the world, was prepared to rise at the signal. Germany, Italy, France, and all Australasia were labor countries—socialist states. They were ready to lend aid to the revolution. Gallantly they did; and it was for this reason, when the Second Revolt was crushed, that they, too, were crushed by the united oligarchies of the world, their socialist governments being replaced by oligarchical governments.
5
John Cunningham, Avis Everhard's father, was a professor at the State University at Berkeley, California. His chosen field was physics, and in addition he did much original research and was greatly distinguished as a scientist. His chief contribution to science was his studies of the electron and his monumental work on the “Identification of Matter and Energy,” wherein he established, beyond cavil and for all time, that the ultimate unit of matter and the ultimate unit of force were identical. This idea had been earlier advanced, but not demonstrated, by Sir Oliver Lodge and other students in the new field of radio-activity.
6
In that day it was the custom of men to compete for purses of money. They fought with their hands. When one was beaten into insensibility or killed, the survivor took the money.
7
This obscure reference applies to a blind negro musician who took the world by storm in the latter half of the nineteenth century of the Christian Era. 2 Friedrich Nietzsche, the mad philosopher of the nineteenth century of the Christian Era, who caught wild glimpses of truth, but who, before he was done, reasoned himself around the great circle of human thought and off into madness.

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