Read The Jewish Annotated New Testament Online
Authors: Amy-Jill Levine
15
You are aware that all who are in Asia have turned away from me, including Phygelus and Hermogenes.
16
May the Lord grant mercy to the household of Onesiphorus, because he often refreshed me and was not ashamed of my chain;
17
when he arrived in Rome, he eagerly
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searched for me and found me
18
—may the Lord grant that he will find mercy from the Lord on that day! And you know very well how much service he rendered in Ephesus.
2
You then, my child, be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus;
2
and what you have heard from me through many witnesses entrust to faithful people who will be able to teach others as well.
3
Share in suffering like a good soldier of Christ Jesus.
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No one serving in the army gets entangled in everyday affairs; the soldier’s aim is to please the enlisting officer.
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And in the case of an athlete, no one is crowned without competing according to the rules.
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It is the farmer who does the work who ought to have the first share of the crops.
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Think over what I say, for the Lord will give you understanding in all things.
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Remember Jesus Christ, raised from the dead, a descendant of David—that is my gospel,
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for which I suffer hardship, even to the point of being chained like a criminal. But the word of God is not chained.
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Therefore I endure everything for the sake of the elect, so that they may also obtain the salvation that is in Christ Jesus, with eternal glory.
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The saying is sure:
If we have died with him, we will also live
with him;
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if we endure, we will also reign with him;
if we deny him, he will also deny us;
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if we are faithless, he remains faithful—
for he cannot deny himself.
14
Remind them of this, and warn them before God
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that they are to avoid wrangling over words, which does no good but only ruins those who are listening.
15
Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved by him, a worker who has no need to be ashamed, rightly explaining the word of truth.
16
Avoid profane chatter, for it will lead people into more and more impiety,
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and their talk will spread like gangrene. Among them are Hymenaeus and Philetus,
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who have swerved from the truth by claiming that the resurrection has already taken place. They are upsetting the faith of some.
19
But God’s firm foundation stands, bearing this inscription: “The Lord knows those who are his,” and, “Let everyone who calls on the name of the Lord turn away from wickedness.”
20
In a large house there are utensils not only of gold and silver but also of wood and clay, some for special use, some for ordinary.
21
All who cleanse themselves of the things I have mentioned
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will become special utensils, dedicated and useful to the owner of the house, ready for every good work.
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Shun youthful passions and pursue righteousness, faith, love, and peace, along with those who call on the Lord from a pure heart.
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Have nothing to do with stupid and senseless controversies; you know that they breed quarrels.
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And the Lord’s servant
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must not be quarrelsome but kindly to everyone, an apt teacher, patient,
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correcting opponents with gentleness. God may perhaps grant that they will repent and come to know the truth,
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and that they may escape from the snare of the devil, having been held captive by him to do his will.
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3
You must understand this, that in the last days distressing times will come.
2
For people will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boasters, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,
3
inhuman, implacable, slanderers, profligates, brutes, haters of good,
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treacherous, reckless, swollen with conceit, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God,
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holding to the outward form of godliness but denying its power. Avoid them!
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For among them are those who make their way into households and captivate silly women, overwhelmed by their sins and swayed by all kinds of desires,
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who are always being instructed and can never arrive at a knowledge of the truth.
8
As Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so these people, of corrupt mind and counterfeit faith, also oppose the truth.
9
But they will not make much progress, because, as in the case of those two men,
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their folly will become plain to everyone.
10
Now you have observed my teaching, my conduct, my aim in life, my faith, my patience, my love, my steadfastness,
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my persecutions, and my suffering the things that happened to me in Antioch, Iconium, and Lystra. What persecutions I endured! Yet the Lord rescued me from all of them.
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Indeed, all who want to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.
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But wicked people and impostors will go from bad to worse, deceiving others and being deceived.
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But as for you, continue in what you have learned and firmly believed, knowing from whom you learned it,
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and how from childhood you have known the sacred writings that are able to instruct you for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus.
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All scripture is inspired by God and is
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useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness,
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so that everyone who belongs to God may be proficient, equipped for every good work.
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In the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who is to judge the living and the dead, and in view of his appearing and his kingdom, I solemnly urge you:
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proclaim the message; be persistent whether the time is favorable or unfavorable; convince, rebuke, and encourage, with the utmost patience in teaching.
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For the time is coming when people will not put up with sound doctrine, but having itching ears, they will accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own desires,
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and will turn away from listening to the truth and wander away to myths.
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As for you, always be sober, endure suffering, do the work of an evangelist, carry out your ministry fully.
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As for me, I am already being poured out as a libation, and the time of my departure has come.
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I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith.
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From now on there is reserved for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, will give me on that day, and not only to me but also to all who have longed for his appearing.
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Do your best to come to me soon,
10
for Demas, in love with this present world, has deserted me and gone to Thessalonica; Crescens has gone to Galatia,
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Titus to Dalmatia.
11
Only Luke is with me. Get Mark and bring him with you, for he is useful in my ministry.
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I have sent Tychicus to Ephesus.
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When you come, bring the cloak that I left with Carpus at Troas, also the books, and above all the parchments.
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Alexander the coppersmith did me great harm; the Lord will pay him back for his deeds.
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You also must beware of him, for he strongly opposed our message.
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At my first defense no one came to my support, but all deserted me. May it not be counted against them!
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But the Lord stood by me and gave me strength, so that through me the message might be fully proclaimed and all the Gentiles might hear it. So I was rescued from the lion’s mouth.
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The Lord will rescue me from every evil attack and save me for his heavenly kingdom. To him be the glory forever and ever. Amen.
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Greet Prisca and Aquila, and the household of Onesiphorus.
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Erastus remained in Corinth; Trophimus I left ill in Miletus.
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Do your best to come before winter. Eubulus sends greetings to you, as do Pudens and Linus and Claudia and all the brothers and sisters.
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The Lord be with your spirit. Grace be with you.
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THE LETTER OF PAUL TO TITUS
NAME, AUTHORSHIP, AND BACKGROUND
The Letter to Titus, along with 1 and 2 Timothy, constitute the Pastoral Epistles, so named because they impart practical advice to believers, including requirements for leadership. For further background on these letters, see the introduction to 1 Timothy. The letter purports to be written by Paul to Titus, a co-worker who acted as an emissary in Paul’s correspondence with the Corinthians (2 Cor 8.23) and accompanied Paul to Jerusalem (Gal 2.1).
Based on analyses of language and content, the oldest extant fragment of Titus dates from the second century CE. The Pastoral Epistles are also mentioned by many of the early Christian theologians (often referred to as the “church fathers”), including Polycarp, Tertullian, and Jerome; some accept their authenticity, others question it. By the fourth century, Titus was widely accepted as Pauline. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholars revisited the question of Pauline authorship. Currently, the consensus is that Titus is pseudonymous—an anonymous Christian leader wrote the letter in Paul’s name to direct a community struggling with issues of definition and organization.
STRUCTURE AND INTERPRETATION
After greeting Titus (1.1–4), the author sketches ways in which the community should be organized and outlines the qualifications for elders and bishops (1.5–9). The author then launches into a denunciation of certain community members (1.10–16; see also 3.8b–11). The nascent communities sought to define their theology and thus establish institutions that would preserve orthodoxy. The author warns his followers to avoid alternative teachings and even advises shunning those who remain divisive.
The epistle addresses not only community structure but also household order and obedience, including the paramount values of self-control and perfect submission of women and slaves, which reflect Hellenistic ideals (2.1–10). Since churches developed out of gatherings in private homes, and since in the Roman world the family was seen as a microcosm of the state, the family and the community reflected one another. Social organization is thus linked to ethical behavior and given theological significance. The epistle then connects good behavior with salvific actions of God (2.11–3.8a).