The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey (Pimlico) (114 page)

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Authors: Peter Gwyn

⁹⁵Inter alia English Historical Documents
, pp.360-8 for a good introduction. Anything by Harriss is illuminating, but see especially
journal of Medieval History
, ii.

⁹⁶Ross, pp.214-8.

⁹⁷Chrimes, pp.200-1.

⁹⁸Almost certainly the meagreness of the records make them appear more quiescent than they were. For instance, it is known that on a number of occasions the City of London mounted vigorous campaigns in the Commons of which the official records give no indication; see Elton,
Studies
, i, pp.84-6; Kennedy, pp.35 ff., 130 ff.

⁹⁹Lords
, pp.12-3, 21; Graves, p.61.

¹⁰⁰Trevelyan Papers
, p.8 for Warham’s initial request of £600,000. He eventually obtained £126,745; see also Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.120-1.

¹⁰¹Lehmberg, pp.137-8, 254-5.

¹⁰²PRO SP 1/2/7/fos.187-8 (
LP
, iii, 2957), a draft in Tuke’s hand. Wolsey’s failure to deliver the opening speech to parliament, a task usually performed by the chancellor, led Elton to comment that he had ‘apparently extended his dislike of parliaments to the point of suppressing his normal delight in the sound of his own voice’; see
Parliament of England
, p.27. But, as Henry informed the Venetian ambassador, the explanation was that Wolsey was ill (
Ven. Cal.
, iii, p.313).

¹⁰³LP
, iii, 2322, 23333;
Sp. Cal
., ii, pp.438-40; 449-51. When Charles addressed the Castilian cortes in July 1523 he appears to have failed to mention the Great Enterprise! For this and, more generally for Charles’s policy at this time see Brandi, pp.194 ff.

¹⁰⁴Henry Ellis, 1 ser, i, p.223 (
LP
, iii, 3023).

¹⁰⁵For Henry’s and Wolsey’s suspicions see
LP
, iii, 1810, 2551, 2567, 3302, 3326, 3346; for the English ambassadors’ suspicions see
LP
, iii, 3246-7, 3559.

¹⁰⁶Sp. Cal., F.S.
, p.180.

¹⁰⁷LP
, iii, 2567. Cf. Charles’s comment in March 1523 that a good peace could only be obtained by a good war; see
Sp. Cal, F.S
., p.197.

¹⁰⁸Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.3-52.

¹⁰⁹St. P
, i, p.117 (
LP
, iii, 3231).

¹¹⁰LP
, iii, 3207 for the treaty between Venice, Charles, Henry and Archduke Ferdinand.

¹¹¹3 Aug. 1523 a complicated story involving the ‘treasonable’ activities of the pro-French cardinal, Soderini; see Knecht, p.147; Pastor, ix, pp.185 ff.

¹¹²Russell left England in early August and the agreement with Bourbon was signed on 6 Sept. For Bourbon’s treason see Knecht, pp.146-9.

¹¹³Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.253. For the effect of Bourbon’s treason see Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.11-12; Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.608-11.

¹¹⁴Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.240.

¹¹⁵Not until 6 Sept. The agreement with Charles and Margaret was reached on 2 July; see
LP
, iii, 3149;
Sp. Cal., F.S
., pp.208, 216.

¹¹⁶Eaves, pp.126 ff.

¹¹⁷Cf. Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, pp.125 ff. who argues for a divergence of view between Henry and Wolsey from the start.

¹¹⁸LP
, iii, 3149.

¹¹⁹Gunn, ‘French wars’, p.33.

¹²⁰Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.607-9.

¹²¹St. P
, i, p.132 (
LP
, iii, 3320).

¹²²St. P
, i, pp.135-40 (
LP
, iii, 3346).

¹²³Scarisbrick, pp.128-9 for this explanation.

¹²⁴LP
, iii, 3346;
Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.275.

¹²⁵I call it Henry’s, but his letters at this time were written by More, acting as royal secretary in the absence of Pace.

¹²⁶For instance called a débâcle by Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.130.

¹²⁷For all of this see Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.611 ff.

¹²⁸LP
, iv, 8;
Sp. Cal
.,
F.S
., p.318.

¹²⁹Gunn,
EHR
, ci, pp.611 ff; Knecht, pp.152-6.

¹³⁰Sp. Cal
., ii, 355. It was confirmed at Windsor in June 1522 (
Sp. Cal
., ii, 441).

¹³¹LP
, iv, 8, 61, 186, 684, 1628-9;
Sp. Cal., F.S.
, pp.298-304.

¹³²St. P
, iv, p.333 (
LP
, iv, 605).

¹³³LP
, iv, 349, 356-7, 365.

¹³⁴Eaves, pp.160 ff; Rae, pp.157 ff. In fact peace was not formally concluded until Jan. 1526 but a series of truces beginning on 4 Sept. 1524 produced much the same effect.

¹³⁵LP
, iv, 365.

¹³⁶LP
, iv, 615; Hall, p.684.

¹³⁷LP
, iv, 615; Hall, p.684.

¹³⁸LP
, iv, 420-1, 440-2, 503, 510, 589.

¹³⁹For his posting to Bourbon see
LP
, iv, 361-2, 374, 420-1, 456.

¹⁴⁰He arrived on 13 June.

¹⁴¹St. P
, vi, p.313 (
LP
, iv, 420).

¹⁴²St. P
, vi, p.314 (
LP
, iv, 442).

¹⁴³On this point see
LP
, iii, 3l23, 3154, 3217.

¹⁴⁴St. P
, vi, pp.333 ff. (
LP
, iv, 605). For their full correspondence see
LP
, iv, 420-l, 440-2, 503, 512, 589.

¹⁴⁵St. P
, vi, p.333, n.1; ibid, p.364, n.2; Knecht, pp.163 ff.

¹⁴⁶Jacqueton, pp.53-4 for a biographical sketch. The work is of great importance because it makes full and highly intelligent use of material not otherwise readily available. My one complaint concerns the many highly critical comments on Wolsey!

¹⁴⁷A.F. Pollard, pp.137-8; Wilkie, pp.114 ff.

¹⁴⁸A.F. Pollard, pp.137-8.

¹⁴⁹Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, pp.131 ff.

¹⁵⁰Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.24 ff.

¹⁵¹LP
, iii, 3372, 3377, 3389, 3587, 3592, 3609, 3659;
Sp. Cal., F.S
., p.276; also Chambers, ‘English representation’, pp.512 ff; Scarisbrick,
Henry VIII
, pp.109-10.

¹⁵²See pp.98 ff., 144 ff. above.

¹⁵³St. P
, vi, p.282 (
LP
, iv, 185). For Scarisbrick’s interpretation see Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.132.

¹⁵⁴St. P
, vi, p.282 for Wolsey giving them freedom to decide when the right moment was; for the whole letter see
St. P
, vi, 278-86 (
LP
, iv, 185).

¹⁵⁵LP
, iv, 6, 184.

¹⁵⁶See pp.205 ff. above; also Bernard,
War, Taxation and Rebellion
, pp.40-5.

¹⁵⁷LP
, iii, 3659; iv, 26;
Sp. Cal, F.S
., p.318; made use of in Scarisbrick,
Henry
VIII
, p.131.

¹⁵⁸LP
, iv, 446, Clerk to Wolsey, 25 June.

¹⁵⁹That this was what they sought was Giberti’s view in 1525; see
LP
, iv, 1467.

¹⁶⁰LP
, iv, 170.

¹⁶¹Jacqueton, pp.42 ff. for a fuller account.

¹⁶²Inter alia Sp. Cal
., iii (i), p.78.

¹⁶³LP
, iv, 394, 684, 1083.

¹⁶⁴LP
, iv, 882, 1018.

¹⁶⁵LP
, iv, 671, 684, 841, 1083, 1132, 1190;
Sp. Cal., F.S.
, pp.335 ff. for Imperial concern;
LP
, iv, 1002, 1017 for papal concern;
LP
, iv, 1072 for Venetian concern.