The Last Crusade: The Epic Voyages of Vasco Da Gama (74 page)

415
Sir Thomas Roe:
For the accomplished ambassador’s life, see Michael J. Brown,
Itinerant Ambassador: The Life of Sir Thomas Roe
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970). The journals and letters pertaining to his Indian journey are in
The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615–1619
, ed. William Foster (London: Hakluyt Society, 1899).

416
the handsome redbrick Jesuit College:
The building, which dominates the old administrative heart of the town, was commandeered for the governor’s palace when Portugal outlawed the Society of Jesus. It is now a sleepy museum.

417
Ceuta’s “liberation”:
Time
, June 26, 2007.

418
“We have succeeded”:
The Times
(London), March 13, 2004.

418
President George W. Bush:
At a press conference on September 16, 2001, George W. Bush referred to the newly declared war on
terror as a “crusade.” His spokesman later expressed regret for his terminology, but the next year the president again called the ongoing war a crusade. Ron Suskind, “Faith, Certainty and the Presidency of George W. Bush,”
New York Times Magazine,
October 17, 2004.

418
“Crusader-Zionist alliance”:
The statement, released in February 1998, was titled “Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders.” The Arabian Peninsula, it also declared, “has never—since Allah made it flat, created its desert, and encircled it with seas—been stormed by any forces like the Crusader armies spreading in it like locusts, eating its riches and wiping out its plantations.” Peter L. Bergen,
The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda’s Leader
(New York: Free Press, 2006), 195.

418
“a haemmorhage”:
Sunday Times
(London), November 28, 2010.

419
“the greatest event since the creation of the world”:
Francisco López de Gómara, “Dedication” to
Historia general de las Indias
(Saragossa, 1552).

419
“The discovery of America”:
Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, ed. Edwin Cannan (London: University Paperbacks, 1961), 2:141.

420
hold off and eventually repel the Ottoman challenge:
Other factors, of course, were at play, not least the Ottomans’ unshakable belief, even as their empire was hamstrung by harem intrigues and endemic patronage while the West emerged into the Enlightenment, that their way was best. In the long run, though, the global pressure exerted by the voyages of discovery crucially tipped the balance. The point is well made by Bernard Lewis, a leading scholar of Islam and the Middle East. “The final defeat and withdrawal of the armies of Islam was no doubt due in the first instance to the valiant defenders of Vienna,” writes Lewis, “but in the larger perspective, it was due to those self-same adventurers whose voyages across the ocean and greed for gold aroused [the ire of their European rivals]. Whatever their motives, their voyages brought vast new lands under European rule or influence, placed great wealth in bullion and resources at European disposal, and thus gave Europe new strength with which to resist and ultimately throw back the Muslim invader.”
Islam and the West
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 16.

420
Western imperialism in Asia:
In India, the entire colonial era from Gama’s arrival to independence has been labeled the Vasco da Gama epoch of history; see K. M. Panikkar,
Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498–1945
(London: Allen & Unwin, 1959). It has conversely been argued that the Portuguese had little direct impact on the great empires of South and East Asia. Narrowly speaking, yes; but then the balance of trade with India, never mind with China, was never a factor in Portugal’s calculations. India was the destination, but to weaken Islam was the aim. On a broader view, the impact of the discoveries was profound; when Vasco da Gama sailed east, India and China between them accounted for half the world economy.

420
joined forces to fight a common enemy:
In the Crimean War of 1853–1856, Anglican Britain and Catholic France joined forces with the Muslim Ottomans to fight the Orthodox Russians. The British and French were not just keen to halt Russia’s expansion; they deliberately set out to support Islam’s fight with Eastern Christianity, which Western clerics readily denounced as a semi-pagan heresy. Ever since 1453, the Russians had claimed they were the rightful heirs of the Byzantine Empire;
tsar
is Russian for “Caesar,” and Moscow was declared the third Rome. The Western allies were particularly aghast at the prospect of the Russians reversing the Muslim conquest of Constantinople and installing themselves—and the Orthodox Church—in the second Rome.

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