The Life of the Mind (68 page)

51. Meditation IV, in
ibid.,
1972, vol. I, pp. 174–175. Author's translation.

52.
Principles of Philosophy,
in
ibid.,
pt. I, prin. XL, p. 235.

53.
Ibid.,
prin. XLI, p. 235.

54.
Critique of Pure Reason,
B751.

55.
Op. cit.,
pp. 98–99.

56.
Critique of Pure Reason,
B478.

57. See Hans Jonas, "Jewish and Christian Elements in Philosophy," in
Philosophical Essays: From Ancient Creed to Technological Man,
Englewood Cliffs, 1974.

58. Henri Bergson,
op. cit.,
p. 13.

59.
Ibid.,
p. 15.

60. Thus wrote Wilhelm Windelband in his famous
History of Philosophy
(1892), New York, 1960, p. 314. He also calls Duns Scotus "the greatest of the Scholastics" (p. 425).

61. John Duns Scotus,
Philosophical Writings: A Selection,
trans. Allan Wolter, Library of Liberal Arts, Indianapolis, New York, 1962, pp. 84 and 10.

62. Hans Jonas,
op. cit.,
p. 29.

63.
Op. cit.,
p. 10.

64.
Ibid.,
p. 33.

65.
Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness
(1889), trans. F. L. Pogson, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1960, p. 142.

66.
Ibid.,
pp. 240 and 167.

67.
Principles of Philosophy,
prin. XLI, in
The Philosophical Works of Descartes,
p. 235.

68. Reply to Objections to Meditation V,
op. cit.,
p. 225.

69. Duns Scotus,
op. cit.,
p. 171.

70. See his exhaustive examination of the fatalist argument, " It Was to Be,' " in
Dilemmas,
Cambridge, 1969, pp. 15–35.

71.
Ibid.,
p. 28.

72.
De Fato,
xiii, 30–14, 31.

73.
Ibid.,
V, 35.

74. As Chrysippus had already pointed out. See
ibid.,
xx, 48.

75.
Confessio Philosophi,
bilingual ed., ed. Otto Saame, Frankfurt, 1967, p. 66.

76.
Jenenser Logik, Metaphysik und Naturphilosophie,
Lasson ed., Leipzig, 1923, p. 204, in "
Naturphilosophie I A: Begriff der Bewegung.
"

77. See Friedrich Nietzsche,
Thus Spoke Zarathustra,
pt. II, "On Redemption": "The will cannot will backwards.... That time does not run backwards, that is his wrath; 'that which was' is the name of the stone he cannot move," in
The Portable Nietzsche,
trans. Walter Kaufmann, New York, 1954, p. 251.

78. See chap. Ill, p. 142 and n. 89.

79.
Op. cit.,
p. 110.

80.
Ibid.,
p. 122.

81.
Ibid.,
pp. 42, 44, 76, 92, 98, 100.

82. Quoted by Walter Lehmann in his Introduction to an anthology of the German writings,
Meister Eckhart,
Göttingen, 1919, sent. 15, p. 16.

83. The essay is now available in
Etudes d'Histoire de la Pensée Philosophique,
Paris, 1961.

84. Now available in English:
Introduction to the Readings of Hegel,
ed. Allan Bloom, New York, 1969, p. 134.

85. Op.
cit.,
p. 177.

86.
Philosophy of Right,
Preface;
Encyclopedia,
no. 465 in 2nd ed.

87.
Op. cit., loc. cit.

88.
Ibid.,
pp. 177 and 185, note.

89.
Ibid.,
p. 188.

90.
Jenenser Logik,
p. 204.

91. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 183, quoting Hegel,
Jenenser Realphilosophie,
ed. Johannes Hoffmeister, Leipzig, 1932, vol. II, pp. 10 ff.

92. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 177.

93. Plato,
Republic,
329b-c.

94. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 166.

95.
Ibid.,
p. 174.

96. Koyré, "La terminologie hégélienne," in
op. cit.,
p. 213.

97. Martin Heidegger,
Sem und Zeit,
no. 65, p. 326.

98. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 188, quoting
Phänomenologie des Geistes.

99. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 183, quoting
Jenenser Realphilosophie.

100. Koyré, "Hegel à léna," in
op. cit.,
p. 188.

101. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 185, quoting
Jenenser Realphilosophie.

102. The passage in Plotinus is a commentary on Plato's
Timaeus,
37c-38b. It occurs in
Ennead,
III, 7, 11: "On Time and Eternity." I have used the translation by A. H. Armstrong in the Loeb Classical Library, London, 1967, and Emile Bréhier's translation into French in the bilingual edition of the
Ennéades,
Paris, 1924–38.

103. An excellent and detailed report of the literature about Hegel is now available in Michael Theunissen,
Die Verwirklichung der Vernunft. Zur Theorie-Praxis-Diskussion im Anschluss an Hegel,
Beiheft 6 of the
Philosophische Rundschau,
Tübingen, 1970. The main works for our context are: Franz Rosenzweig,
Hegel und der Staat,
2 vols. (1920), Aalen, 1962; Joachim Ritter,
Hegel und die französische Revolution, Frankfurt/
Main, 1965; Manfred Riedel,
Theorie und Praxis im Denken Hegels,
Stuttgart, 1965.

104.
The Philosophy of History,
trans. J. Sibree, New York, 1956, pp. 446, 447;
Philosophie der Weltgeschichte,
Hälfte II, "Die Germanische Welt," Lasson ed., Leipzig, 1923, p. 926.

105. In a letter to Schelling of April 16, 1795.
Briefe,
Leipzig, 1887, vol. I, p. 15.

106. Quoted from Theunissen,
op. cit.

107.
The Philosophy of History,
p. 442.

108.
Ibid.,
p. 446.

109.
Ibid.,
pp. 30 and 36.

110.
Ibid.,
p. 442.

111.
Ibid.,
p. 443. Author's translation.

112.
Ibid.,
p. 36.

113.
Ibid.,
p. 79. Author's translation; cf.
Werke,
Berlin, 1840, vol. IX, p. 98.

114.
Op. cit.,
p. 189.

115.
The Phenomenology of Mind,
trans. J. B. Baillie (1910), New York, 1964, p. 803.

116. Koyré,
op. cit.,
p. 164, quoting
Encyclopedia,
no. 258.

117. Hegel,
The Phenomenology of Mind,
pp. 801, 807–808. Italics added.

118.
Ibid.,
p. 808.

119. "Uberwindung der Metaphysik," in
Vorträge und Aufsätze,
Pfullingen, 1954, vol. I, sect, xxü, p. 89.

120. Hegel,
Science of Logic,
trans. W. H. Johnston and L. G. Struthers, London, New York, 1966, vol. I, p. 118.

121.
Toward a Genealogy of Morals
(1887), no. 28.

122. Heidegger, "Uberwindung der Metaphysik,"
op. cit.,
sect, xxiii, p. 89.

123.
Science of Logic,
vol. I, pp. 95, 97, 85.

 

Chapter II

1.
Concept of the Mind,
pp. 62 ff.

2. See the marvelously illuminating study by E. H. Gombrich,
Art and Illusion,
New York, 1960.

3.
De Anima,
433a21–24 and
Nicomachean Ethics,
1139a35.

4. For this and the following, see
De Anima,
bk. Ill, chaps. 9, 10.

5.
Meister Eckhart,
ed. Franz Pfeiffer, Göttingen, 1914, pp. 551–552.

6. Quoted from Werner Jaeger,
Aristotle,
London, 1962, p. 249. Jaeger also notices that "the third Book
On the Soul,
" from which I have quoted here, "stands out as peculiarly Platonic" (p. 332).

7.
Nicomachean Ethics
, 1168b6.

8.
Ibid.,
1166b5–25.

9. See the last lines of
Antigone.

10.
Nicomachean Ethics,
1139bl-4.

11. Quoted from Andreas Graeser,
Plotinus and the Stoics,
Leiden, 1972, p. 119.

12.
Nicomachean Ethics,
1139a31–33, 1139b4–5.

13.
Ibid.,
1134a21.

14.
Ibid.,
1112bl2.

15.
Eudemian Ethics,
1226al0.

16.
Ibid.,
1223bl0.

17.
Ibid.,
1224a31–1224bl5.

18.
Ibid.,
1226bl0.

19.
Ibid.,
1226b11-12. Cf.
Nicomachean Ethics,
1112b11-18.

20. For an excellent discussion of Will and Freedom in Kant, see Lewis White Beck, A
Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason,
Chicago, London, 1960, chap. XI.

21. Op.
cit.,
p. 551.

22. Hans Jonas,
Augustin und das paulinische Frciheitsproblem,
2nd ed., Göttingen, 1965; see especially app. Ill, published as "Philosophical Meditation on the Seventh Chapter of Paul's Epistle to the Romans" in
The Future of Our Religious Past,
ed. James M. Robinson, London, New York, 1971, pp. 333–350.

23.
Metamorphoses,
bk. VII, 11. 20–21: "
Video meliora proboque, /deteriora sequor.
"

24. Chagigah II, 1. Quoted from Hans Blumenberg,
Paradigmen zu einer Metaphorologie,
Bonn, 1960, p. 26, n. 38.

25. Bk. XI, chaps, xii and xxx.

26. See
Discourses,
bk. II, chap. xix.

27.
Fragments,
23.

28.
The Manual,
23 and 33.

29.
Discourses,
bk. II, chap. 16.

30. All the works we have, including the
Discourses,
are "apparently almost a stenographic record of his lectures and informal discussions taken down and compiled by one of his pupils, Arrian." See Whitney J. Oates, General Introduction to his
The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers,
Modem Library, New York, 1940, whose translation I often follow.

31.
Discourses,
bk. I, chap. xv.

32.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap, xviii.

33.
Ibid.,
bk. I, chap, xxvii.

34.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap. i.

35.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap. xvi.

36.
The Manual,
23 and 33.

37.
Discourses,
bk. II, chap. xvi.

38.
Ibid.,
bk. I, chap. i.

39.
Ibid.

40.
Ibid.,
bk. I, chap. xvii.

41.
Physics,
188b30.

42.
Discourses,
bk. I, chap, xvii

43.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap. xi.

44.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap. x.

45.
Ibid.,
bk. Ill, chap. xiv.

46.
The Manual,
1.

47.
Fragments,
1.

48.
Ibid.,
8.

49.
Discourses,
bk. I, chap. i.

50.
The Manual,
30.

51.
Discourses,
bk. I, chap. xxv.

52.
Ibid.,
bk. I, chap. ix.

53.
Ibid.,
bk. I, chap. xxv. Italics added.

54.
Le Mythe de Sisyphe,
Paris, 1942.

55.
De Trinitate,
bk. XIII, vii, 10.

56.
Ibid.,
viii, 11.

57.
Discourses,
bk. II, chap. x.

58.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap, xvii.

59.
The Manual, 8.

60.
Fragments,
8.

61. In
De Ltbero Arbitrio,
bk. Ill, v-viii.

62.
Discourses,
bk. II, chap, xviii.

63.
Ibid.,
bk. II, chap. viii.

64.
The Manual,
51, 48.

65. Frag. 149;
Enarrationes in Psalmos, Patrologiae Latino,
J.-P. Migne, Paris, 1854–66, vol. 37, CXXXIV, 16.

66. Paul Oskar Kristeller, a bit more cautiously, calls Augustine "probably the greatest Latin philosopher of classical antiquity." See
Renaissance Concepts of Man,
Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1972, p. 149.

67. On
the Trinity,
bk. 13, iv, 7: "
Beati certe, inquit
[Cicero]
omnes esse volumus.
"

68. "
O vitae philosophia dux," Tusculanae Disputationes,
bk. V, chap. 2.

69. Quoted with approbation from a Roman writer (Varro) in
The City of Cod,
bk. XIX, i, 3: "
Nulla est homini causa philos-ophandi nisi ut beatus sit.
"

70. For the importance and depth of this question, see especially
On the Trinity,
bk. X, chaps iii and viii: "How the mind may seek and find itself is a remarkable question: whither does it go in order to seek, and whence does it come in order to find?"

71.
Confessions,
bk. XI, especially chaps, xiv and xxii.

72. Peter Brown,
Augustine of Hippo,
Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967, p. 123.

73.
Ibid.,
p. 112.

74.
On Free Choice of the Will,
bk. I, chaps, i and ii.

75.
Ibid.,
chap, xvi, 117 and 118.

76.
Confessions,
bk. VIII, chap. v.

77.
Ibid.,
chap. viii.

78. A detailed explanation deriving
voluntas
from
velle
and
potestas
from
posse
occurs in
The Spirit and the Letter,
arts. 52–58, a late work, concerned with the question "Is faith itself placed in our power?" in Morgenbesser and Walsh,
op. cit.,
p. 22.

79.
On Free Choice of the Will,
bk. Ill, chap, iii, 27; cf.
ibid.,
bk. I, chap, xii, 86 and
Retractationes,
bk. I, chap, ix, 3.

80.
Epistolae,
177, 5;
On Free Choice of the Witt,
bk. Ill, chap, i, 8–10; chap, iii, 33.

81. See Etienne Gilson,
Jean Duns Scot: Introduction à ses positions fondamentales,
Paris, 1952, p. 657.