Read The Lord of the Rings Omnibus (1-3) Online
Authors: J. R. R. Tolkien
Tags: #Fantasy - Epic, #Classics, #Middle Earth (Imaginary place), #Tolkien, #Fantasy Fiction, #Fiction - Fantasy, #General, #Fiction, #Fantasy, #Baggins, #Frodo (Fictitious character), #1892-1973, #English, #Epic, #J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel)
The Númenóreans retained the dedications and order, but altered the fourth day to
Aldëa (Orgaladh)
with reference to the White Tree only, of which Nimloth that grew in the King’s Court in Númenor was believed to be a descendant. Also desiring a seventh day, and being great mariners, they inserted a ‘Sea-day’,
Eärenya (Oraearon),
after the Heavens’ Day.
The Hobbits took over this arrangement, but the meanings of their translated names were soon forgotten, or no longer attended to, and the forms were much reduced, especially in everyday pronunciation. The first translation of the Númenórean names was probably made two thousand years or more before the end of the Third Age, when the week of the Dúnedain (the feature of their reckoning earliest adopted by alien peoples) was taken up by Men in the North. As with their names of months, the Hobbits adhered to these translations, although elsewhere in the Westron area the Quenya names were used.
Not many ancient documents were preserved in the Shire. At the end of the Third Age far the most notable survival was Yellowskin, or the Yearbook of Tuckborough.
1
Its earliest entries seem to have begun at least nine hundred years before Frodo’s time; and many are cited in the Red Book annals and genealogies. In these the weekday names appear in archaic forms, of which the following are the oldest: (1)
Sterrendei,
(2)
Sunnendei,
(3)
Monendei,
(4)
Trewesdei,
(5)
Hevenesdei,
(6)
Meresdei,
(7)
Hihdei.
In the language of the time of the War of the Ring these had become
Sterday, Sunday, Monday, Trewsday, Hevensday
(or
Hensday
),
Mersday, Highday.
I have translated these names also into our own names, naturally beginning with
Sunday and Monday
, which occur in the Shire week with the same names as ours, and re-naming the others in order. It must be noted, however, that the associations of the names were quite different in the Shire. The last day of the week, Friday (Highday), was the chief day, and one of holiday (after noon) and evening feasts. Saturday thus corresponds more nearly to our Monday, and Thursday to our Saturday.
2
A few other names may be mentioned that have a reference to time, though not used in precise reckonings. The seasons usually named were
tuilë
spring,
lairë
summer,
yávië
autumn (or harvest),
hrívë
winter; but these had no exact definitions, and
quelle
(or
lasselanta
) was also used for the latter part of autumn and the beginning of winter.
The Eldar paid special attention to the ‘twilight’ (in the northerly regions), chiefly as the times of star-fading and star-opening. They had many names for these periods, of which the most usual were
tindómë
and
undómë;
the former most often referred to the time near dawn, and
undómë to
the evening. The Sindarin name was
uial,
which could be defined as
minuial
and
aduial.
These were often called in the Shire
morrowdim
and
evendim.
Cf. Lake Evendim as a translation of Nenuial.
The Shire Reckoning and dates are the only ones of importance for the narrative of the War of the Ring. All the days, months, and dates are in the Red Book translated into Shire terms, or equated with them in notes. The months and days, therefore, throughout
The Lord of the Rings
refer to the Shire Calendar. The only points in which the differences between this and our calendar are important to the story at the crucial period, the end of 3018 and the beginning of 3019 (S.R. 1418, 1419), are these: October 1418 has only 30 days, January 1 is the second day of 1419, and February has 30 days; so that March 25, the date of the downfall of the Barad-dûr, would correspond to our March 27, if our years began at the same seasonal point. The date was, however, March 25 in both Kings’ and Stewards’ Reckoning.
The New Reckoning was begun in the restored Kingdom in T.A. 3019. It represented a return to Kings’ Reckoning adapted to fit a spring-beginning as in the Eldarin
loa.
1
In the New Reckoning the year began on March 25 old style, in commemoration of the fall of Sauron and the deeds of the Ring-bearers. The months retained their former names, beginning now with
Víresse
(April), but referred to periods beginning generally five days earlier than previously. All the months had 30 days. There were 3
Enderi
or Middle-days (of which the second was called
Loëndë
), between
Yavannië
(September) and
Narquelië
(October), that corresponded with September 23, 24, 25 old style. But in honour of Frodo
Yavannië
30, which corresponded with former September 22, his birthday, was made a festival, and the leap-year was provided for by doubling this feast, called
Cormarë
or Ringday.
The Fourth Age was held to have begun with the departure of Master Elrond, which took place in September 3021; but for purposes of record in the Kingdom Fourth Age 1 was the year that began according to the New Reckoning in March 25, 3021, old style.
This reckoning
was in the course of the reign of King Elessar adopted in all his lands except the Shire, where the old calendar was retained and Shire Reckoning was continued. Fourth Age 1 was thus called 1422; and in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with 2 Yule 1422, and not in the previous March.
There is no record of the Shire-folk commemorating either March 25 or September 22; but in the Westfarthing, especially in the country round Hobbiton Hill, there grew up a custom of making holiday and dancing in the Party Field, when weather permitted, on April 6. Some said that it was old Sam Gardner’s birthday, some that it was the day on which the Golden Tree first flowered in 1420, and some that it was the Elves’ New Year. In the Buckland the Horn of the Mark was blown at sundown every November 2 and bonfires and feastings followed.
2
I
PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS AND NAMES
The Westron or Common Speech has been entirely translated into English equivalents. All Hobbit names and special words are intended to be pronounced accordingly: for example,
Bolger
has
g
as in
bulge
, and
mathom
rhymes with
fathom
.
In transcribing the ancient scripts I have tried to represent the original sounds (so far as they can be determined) with fair accuracy, and at the same time to produce words and names that do not look uncouth in modern letters. The High-elven Quenya has been spelt as much like Latin as its sounds allowed. For this reason
c
has been preferred to
k
in both Eldarin languages.
The following points may be observed by those who are interested in such details.
CONSONANTS
| C | has always the value of k even before e and i : celeb ‘silver’ should be pronounced as keleb . |
| CH | is only used to represent the sound heard in bach (in German or Welsh), not that in English church . Except at the end of words and before t this sound was weakened to h in the speech of Gondor, and that change has been recognized in a few names, such as Rohan , Rohirrim . ( Imrahil is a Númenórean name.) |
| DH | represents the voiced (soft) th of English these clothes . It is usually related to d , as in S. galadh ‘tree’ compared with Q. alda ; but is sometimes derived from n+r , as in Caradhras ‘Redhorn’ from caranrass . |
| F | represents f , except at the end of words, where it is used to represent the sound of v (as in English of ): Nindalf , Fladrif . |
| G | has only the sound of g in give , get : gil ‘star’, in Gildor , Gilraen , Osgiliath , begins as in English gild . |
| H | standing alone with no other consonant has the sound of h in house , behold . The Quenya combination ht has the sound of cht , as in German echt , acht : e.g. in the name Telumehtar ‘Orion’. 1 See also CH, DH, L, R, TH, W, Y. |
| I | initially before another vowel has the consonantal sound of y in you , yore in Sindarin only: as in Ioreth , Iarwain . See Y. |
| K | is used in names drawn from other than Elvish languages, with the same value as c ; kh thus represents the same sound as ch in Orkish Grishnákh , or Adûnaic (Númenórean) Adûnakhôr . On Dwarvish (Khuzdul) see note below. |
| L | represents more or less the sound of English initial l , as in let . It was, however, to some degree ‘palatalized’ between e , i and a consonant, or finally after e , i . (The Eldar would probably have transcribed English bell , fill as beol , fiol .) LH represents this sound when voiceless (usually derived from initial sl -). In (archaic) Quenya this is written hl , but was in the Third Age usually pronounced as l . |
| NG | represents ng in finger , except finally where it was sounded as in English sing . The latter sound also occurred initially in Quenya, but has been transcribed n (as in Noldo ), according to the pronunciation of the Third Age. |
| PH | has the same sound as f . It is used (a) where the f -sound occurs at the end of a word, as in alph ‘swan’; (b) where the f -sound is related to or derived from a p , as in i-Pheriannath ‘the Halflings’ ( perian ); (c) in the middle of a few words where it represents a long ff (from pp ) as in Ephel ‘outer fence’; and (d) in Adûnaic and Westron, as in Ar-Pharazôn ( pharaz ‘gold’). |
| QU | has been used for cw , a combination very frequent in Quenya, though it did not occur in Sindarin. |
| R | represents a trilled r in all positions; the sound was not lost before consonants (as in English part ). The Orcs, and some Dwarves, are said to have used a back or uvular r , a sound which the Eldar found distasteful. RH represents a voiceless r (usually derived from older initial sr -). It was written hr in Quenya. Cf. L. |
| S | is always voiceless, as in English so , geese ; the z -sound did not occur in contemporary Quenya or Sindarin. SH, occurring in Westron, Dwarvish and Orkish, represents sounds similar to sh in English. |
| TH | represents the voiceless th of English in thin cloth . This had become s in spoken Quenya, though still written with a different letter; as in Q. Isil , S. Ithil , ‘Moon’. |
| TY | represents a sound probably similar to the t in English tune . It was derived mainly from c or t+y . The sound of English ch , which was frequent in Westron, was usually substituted for it by speakers of that language. Cf. HY under Y. |
| V | has the sound of English v , but is not used finally. See F. |
| W | has the sound of English w . HW is a voiceless w , as in English white (in northern pronunciation). It was not an uncommon initial sound in Quenya, though examples seem not to occur in this book. Both v and w are used in the transcription of Quenya, in spite of the assimilation of its spelling to Latin, since the two sounds, distinct in origin, both occurred in the language. |
| Y | is used in Quenya for the consonant y , as in English you . In Sindarin y is a vowel (see below). HY has the same relation to y as HW to w , and represents a sound like that often heard in English hew, huge; h in Quenya eht, iht had the same sound. The sound of English sh, which was common in Westron, was often substituted by speakers of that language. Cf. TY above. HY was usually derived from sy- and khy-; in both cases related Sindarin words show initial h, as in Q. Hyarmen ‘south’, S. Harad. |
Note that consonants written twice, as
tt, ll, ss, nn,
represent long, ‘double’ consonants. At the end of words of more than one syllable these were usually shortened: as in
Rohan
from
Rochann
(archaic
Rochand).
In Sindarin the combinations
ng, nd, mb,
which were specially favoured in the Eldarin languages at an earlier stage, suffered various changes.
mb
became
m
in all cases, but still counted as a long consonant for purposes of stress (see below), and is thus written
mm
in cases where otherwise the stress might be in doubt.
1
ng
remained unchanged except initially and finally where it became the simple nasal (as in English
sing
).
nd
became
nn
usually, as
Ennor
‘Middle-earth’, Q.
Endóre;
but remained
nd
at the end of fully accented monosyllables such as
thond’ root’
(cf.
Morthond
‘Blackroot’), and also before
r
, as
Andros
‘long-foam’. This
nd is
also seen in some ancient names derived from an older period, such as
Nargothrond, Gondolin, Beleriand.
In the Third Age final
nd
in long words had become
n
from
nn,
as in
Ithilien, Rohan, Anórien.
VOWELS
For vowels the letters
i, e, a, o, u
are used, and (in Sindarin only)
y.
As far as can be determined the sounds represented by these letters (other than
y)
were of normal kind, though doubtless many local varieties escape detection.
2
That is, the sounds were approximately those represented by
i, e, a, o, u
in English
machine, were, father, for, brute,
irrespective of quantity.
In Sindarin long
e, a, o
had the same quality as the short vowels, being derived in comparatively recent times from them (older
é, á, ó
had been changed). In Quenya long
é
and
ó
were, when correctly
2
pronounced, as by the Eldar, tenser and ‘closer’ than the short vowels.
Sindarin alone among contemporary languages possessed the ‘modified’ or fronted
u
, more or less as
u
in French
lune.
It was partly a modification of
o
and
u
, partly derived from older diphthongs
eu, iu.
For this sound
y
has been used (as in ancient English): as in
lyg
‘snake’, Q.
leuca,
or
emyn
pl. of
amon
‘hill’. In Gondor this
y
was usually pronounced like
i.
Long vowels are usually marked with the ‘acute accent’, as in some varieties of Fëanorian script. In Sindarin long vowels in stressed monosyllables are marked with the circumflex, since they tended in such cases to be specially prolonged;
1
so in
dun
compared with
Dúnadan.
The use of the circumflex in other languages such as Adûnaic or Dwarvish has no special significance, and is used merely to mark these out as alien tongues (as with the use of
k
).
Final
e
is never mute or a mere sign of length as in English. To mark this final
e
it is often (but not consistently) written
ë.
The groups
er, ir, ur
(finally or before a consonant) are not intended to be pronounced as in English
fern, fir, fur,
but rather as English
air, eer, oor.
In Quenya
ui, oi, ai
and
iu, eu, au
are diphthongs (that is, pronounced in one syllable). All other pairs of vowels are dissyllabic. This is often dictated by writing
ëa (Eä), ëo, oë.
In Sindarin the diphthongs are written
ae, ai, ei, oe, ui,
and
au.
Other combinations are not diphthongal. The writing of final
au
as
aw
is in accordance with English custom, but is actually not uncommon in F
ë
anorian spellings.
All these diphthongs
2
were ‘falling’ diphthongs, that is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus
ai, ei, oi, ui
are intended to be pronounced respectively as the vowels in English
rye
(not
ray), grey, boy, ruin;
and
au (aw)
as in
loud, how
and not as in
laud, haw.
There is nothing in English closely corresponding to
ae, oe, eu; ae
and
oe
may be pronounced as
ai, oi.
STRESS
The position of the ‘accent’ or stress is not marked, since in the Eldarin languages concerned its place is determined by the form of the word. In words of two syllables it falls in practically all cases on the first syllable. In longer words it falls on the last syllable but one, where that contains a long vowel, a diphthong, or a vowel followed by two (or more) consonants. Where the last syllable but one contains (as often) a short vowel followed by only one (or no) consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before it, the third from the end. Words of the last form are favoured in the Eldarin languages, especially Quenya.