T
he apatosaurs had come down to the river in the heat of the day; their graceful curving necks were reflected in the water as they bent to drink. Their long, whip-like tails swung back and forth lazily. Several younger apatosaurs, much smaller than the adults, scampered about in the center of the herd.
"Beautiful, isn't it?" Levine said. "The way it all fits together. Just beautiful." He leaned over the side and shouted to Thorne, "Where's my mount?"
"Coming up," Thorne said.
The rope now brought up a heavy wide-based tripod, and a circular mount on top. There were five video cameras atop the mount, and dangling wires leading to solar panels. Levine and Malcolm began to set it up.
"What happens to the video?" Arby said.
"The data gets multiplexed, and we uplink it back to California. By satellite. We'll also hook into the security network. So we'll have lots of observation points."
"And we don't have to be here?"
Right."
"And this is what you call a high hide?"
"Yes. At least, that's what scientists like Sarah Harding call it."
Thorne climbed up to join them. The little shelter was now quite crowded, but Levine didn't seem to notice. He was entirely focused on the dinosaurs; he turned a pair of binoculars on the animals spread across the plain. "Just as we thought," he said to Malcolm. "Spatial oranization. Infants and juveniles in the center of the herd, protective adults on the periphery. The apatosaurs use their tails as defense,"
"That's the way it looks."
"Oh, there's no question about it," Levine said. He sighed. "It's so agreeable to be proven right."
On the ground below, Eddie unpacked the circular aluminum cage, the same one they had seen in California. It was six feet tall and four feet in diameter, constructed of one-inch titanium bars. "What do you want me to do with this?" Eddie said.
"Leave it down there," Levine said. "That's where it belongs."
Eddie set the cage upright in the corner of the scaffolding. Levine climbed down.
"And what's that for?" Arby said, looking down. "Catching a dinosaur?"
In point of fact, just the opposite." Levine clipped the cage to the side of the scaffolding. He swung the door open and shut, testing it. There was a lock in the door. He checked the lock, too, leaving the key in place, with its dangling elastic loop. "It's a predator cage, like a shark " Levine said, "If you're down here walking around and anything happens, you can climb in here, and you'll be safe."
"In case what happens?" Arby said, with a worried look.
"Actually, I don't think anything will happen," Levine said. "Because I doubt the animals will pay any attention to us, or to this little house, once the structure's been concealed."
"You mean they won't see it?"
"Oh, they'll see it," Levine said, "but they'll ignore it."
"But if they smell us…"
Levine shook his head. "We sited the hide so the prevailing wind is toward us. And you may have noticed these ferns have a distinct smell." It was a mild, slightly tangy odor, almost like eucalyptus.
Arby fretted. "But suppose they decide to eat the ferns?"
"They won't," Levine said. "These are Dicranopterus cyatheoides. They're mildly toxic and cause a rash in the month. In point of fact, there's a theory that their toxicity first evolved back in the Jurassic, as a defense against dinosaur browsers."
"That's not a theory," Malcolm said. "It's just idle speculation."
"There's some logic behind it," Levine said. "Plant life in the Mesozoic must have been severely challenged by the arrival of very large dinosaurs. Herds of giant herbivores, each animal consuming hundreds of pounds of plant matter each day, would have wiped out any plants that didn't evolve some defense - a bad taste, or nettles, or thorns, or chemical toxicity. So perhaps cyatheoides evolved its toxicity back then. And it's very effective, because contemporary animals don't eat these ferns, anywhere on earth. That's why they're so abundant. You may have noticed."
"Plants have defenses?" Kelly said.
"Of course they do. Plants evolve like every other form of life, and they've come up with their own forms of aggression, defense, and so on. In the nineteenth century, most theories concerned animals - nature red in tooth and claw, all that. But now scientists are thinking about nature green in root and stem. We realize that plants, in their ceaseless struggle to survive, have evolved everything from complex symbiosis with other animals, to signaling mechanisms to warn other plants, to outright chemical warfare."
Kelly frowned. "Signaling? Like what?"
"Oh, there are many examples," Levine said. "In Africa acacia trees evolved very long, sharp thorns - three inches or so - but that only provoked animals like giraffes and antelope to evolve long tongues to get past the thorns. Thorns alone didn't work. So in the evolutionary arms race, the acacia trees next evolved toxicity. They started to produce large quantities of tannin in their leaves, which sets off a lethal metabolic reaction in the animals that eat them. Literally kills them. At the same time, the acacias also evolved a kind of chemical warning system among themselves. If an antelope begins to eat one tree in a grove, that tree releases the chemical ethylene into the air, which causes other trees in the grove to step up the production of leaf tannin. Within five or ten minutes, the other trees are producing more tannin, making themselves poisonous.
"And then what happens to the antelope? It dies?"
"Well, not any more," Levine said, "because the evolutionary arms race continued, Eventually, antelopes learned that they could only browse for a short time. Once the trees started to produce more tannin, they had to stop eating it. And the browsers developed new strategies. For example, when a giraffe eats an acacia tree, it then avoids all the trees downwind. Instead, it moves on to another tree that is some distance away. So the animals have adapted to this defense, too."
"In evolutionary theory, this is called the Red Queen phenomenon," Malcolm said. "Because in Alice in Wonderland the Red Queen tells Alice she has to run as fast as she can just to stay where she is. That's the way evolutionary spirals seem. All the organisms are evolving at a furious pace just to stay in the same balance. To stay where they are."
Arby said, "And this is common? Even with plants?"
"Oh yes," Levine said. "In their own way, plants are extremely active. Oak trees, for example, produce tannin and phenol as a defense when caterpillars attack them. A whole grove of trees is alerted as soon as one tree is infested. It's a way to protect the entire grove - a kind of cooperation among trees, you might say."
Arby nodded, and looked out from the high hide at the apatosaurs, still by the river below. "So," Arby said, "is that why the dinosaurs haven't eaten all the trees off this island? Because those big apatosaurs must eat a lot of plants. They have long necks to eat the high leaves. But the trees hardly look touched."
"Very good," Levine said, nodding, "I noticed that myself."
"Is that because of these plant defenses?"
"Well, it might be," Levine said. "But I think there is a very simple explanation for why the trees are preserved."
"What's that?"
"Just look," Levine said. "It's right before your eyes."
Arby picked up the binoculars and stared at the herds. "What's the simple explanation?"
"Among paleontologists," Levine said, "there's been an interminable debate about why sauropods have long necks. Those animals you see have necks twenty feet long. The traditional belief has been that sauropods evolved long necks to eat high foliage that could not be, reached by smaller animals."
"So?" Arby said. "What's the debate?"
"Most animals on this planet have short necks," Levine said, "because a long neck is, well, a pain in the neck. It causes all sorts of problems. Structural problems: how to arrange muscles and ligaments to support a long neck. Behavioral problems: nerve impulses must travel a long way from the brain to the body. Swallowing problems: food has to go a long way from the mouth to the stomach. Breathing problems: air has to be pulled down a long windpipe. Cardiac problems: blood has to be pumped way up to the head, or the animal faints, In evolutionary terms, all this is very difficult to do."
"But giraffes do it," Arby said.
"Yes, they do. Although giraffe necks are nowhere near this long. Giraffes have evolved large hearts, and very thick fascia around the neck. In effect, the neck of a giraffe is like a blood-pressure cuff, going all the way up."
"Do dinosaurs have the same cuff?"
"We don't know. We assume apatosaurs have huge hearts, perhaps three hundred pounds or more. But there is another possible solution to the problem of pumping blood in a long neck."
"Yes?"
"You're looking at it right now," Levine said.
Arby clapped his hands. "They don't raise their necks!"
"Correct," Levine said. "At least, not very often, or for long periods. Of course, right now the animals are drinking, so their necks are down, but my guess is that if we watch them for an extended period we'll find they don't spend much time with their necks raised high."
"And that's why they don't eat the leaves on the trees!"
"Right."
Kelly frowned. "But if their long necks aren't used for eating, then why did they evolve them in the first place?"
Levine smiled. "There must be a good reason," he said. "I believe it has to do with defense."
"Defense? Long necks?" Arby stared. "I don't get it."
"Keep looking," Levine said. "It's really rather obvious."
Arbv peered through binoculars. He said to Kelly, "I hate it when he tells us it's obvious."
"I know," she said, with a sigh.
Arby glanced over at Thorne, and caught his eye. Thorne made a V with his fingers, and then pushed one finger, tilting it over. The movement forced the second finger to shift, too. So the two fingers were connected…
If it was a clue, he didn't get it. He didn't get it. He frowned.
Thorne mouthed: "Bridge."
Arby looked, and watched the whip-like tails swing back and forth over the younger animals. "I get it!" Arby said. "They use their tails for defense. And they need long necks to counterbalance the long tails. It's like a suspension bridge!"
Levine squinted at Arby. "You did that very fast," he said.
Thorne turned away, hiding a smile.
"But I'm right…" Arby said.
"Yes," Levine said, "your view is essentially correct. Long necks exist because the long tails exist. It's a different Situation in theropods, which stand on two legs. But in quadrupeds, there needs to be a counterbalance for the long tail, or the animal would simply tip over."
Malcolm said, "Actually, there is something much more puzzling about this apatosaur herd."
Oh?" Levine said. "What's that?"
"There are no true adults," Malcolm said. "Those animals we see are very large by our standards. But in fact, none of them has attained full adult size. I find that perplexing."
"Do you? It doesn't trouble me in the least," Levine said. "Unquestionably, it is simply because they haven't had enough time to reach maturity. I'm sure apatosaurs grow more slowly than the other dinosaurs. After all, large mammals like elephants grow more slowly than small ones.
Malcolm shook his head. "That's not the explanation," he said.
"Oh? Then what?"
"Keep looking," Malcolm said, pointing out over the plain. "It's really rather obvious."
The kids giggled.
Levine gave a little shiver of displeasure. "What is obvious to me," he said, "is that none of the species appear to have attained full adulthood. The triceratops, the apatosaurs, even the parasaurs are a bit smaller than one would expect. This argues for a consistent factor: some element of diet, the effects of confinement on a small island, perhaps even the way they were engineered. But I don't consider it particularly remarkable or worrisome."
"Maybe you're right," Malcolm said. "And then again, maybe you're not."
"
No flights?" Sarah Harding said. "What do you mean, there are no flights?" It was eleven o'clock in the morning. Harding had been flying for the last fifteen hours, much of it spent on a U.S. military transport that she'd caught from Nairobi to Dallas. She was exhausted. Her skin felt grimy; she needed a shower and a change of clothes. Instead she found herself arguing with this very stubborn official in a ratty little town on the west coast of Costa Rica. Outside, the fain had stopped, but the sky was still gray, with low-hanging clouds over the deserted airfield.
"I am sorry," Rodriguez said. "No flights can be arranged."
"But what about the helicopter that took the men earlier?"
"There is a helicopter, yes."
"Where is it?"
"The helicopter is not here."
"I can see that. But where is it?"
Rodriguez spread his hands. "It has gone to San Cristobal."
"When will it be back?"
"I do not know. I think tomorrow, or perhaps the day after."
"Senor Rodriguez," she said firmly, "I must get to that island today."
"I understand your wish," Rodriguez said. "But I cannot do anything to help this."
"What do you suggest?"
Rodriguez shrugged. "I could not make a suggestion."
"Is there a boat that will take me?"
"I do not know of a boat."
"This is a harbor," Harding said. She pointed out the window. "I see all sorts of boats out there."
"I know. But I do not believe one will go to the islands. The weather is not so favorable."
"But if I were to go down to - "
"Yes, of course." Rodriguez sighed. "Of course you may ask."
Which was how she found herself, shortly after eleven o'clock on a rainy morning, walking down the rickety wooden dock, with her backpack on her shoulder. Four boats were tied up to the dock, which smelled strongly of fish. But all the boats seemed to be deserted. All the activity was at the far end of the dock, where a much larger boat was tied up. Beside the boat, a red Jeep Wrangler was being strapped for loading, along with several large steel drums and wooden crates of supplies. She admired the car in passing; it had been specially modified, enlarged to the size of the Land Rover Defender, the most desirable of all field vehicles. Changing this Jeep must have been an expensive alteration, she thought: only for researchers with lots of money.
Standing on the dock, a pair of Americans in wide-brimmed sun hats were shouting and pointing as the Jeep lifted lopsidedly into the air, and was swung onto the deck of the boat with an ancient crane. She heard one of the men shout "Careful! Careful!" as the Jeep thudded down hard on the wooden deck. "Damn it, be careful!" Several workmen began to carry the boxes onto the ship. The crane swung back to pick up the steel drums.
Harding went over to the nearest man and said politely, "Excuse me, but I wonder if you could help me."
The man glanced at her. He was medium height, with reddish skin and bland features; he looked awkward in new khaki safari clothes. His manner was preoccupied and tense. "I'm busy now," he said, and turned away. "Manuel! Watch it, that's sensitive equipment!"
"I'm sorry to bother you," she continued, "but my name is Sarah Harding, and I'm trying - "
"I don't care if you're Sarah Bernhardt, the - Manuel! Damn it!" The man waved his arms. "You there! Yes, you! Hold that box upright!"
"I'm trying to get to Isla Sorna," she said, finishing.
At this, the man's entire demeanor changed. He turned back to her slowly. "Isla Sorna?" he said. "You're not associated with Dr. Levine by any chance, are you?"
"Yes, I am."
"Well, I'll be damned," be said, suddenly breaking into a warm smile. "What do you know!" He extended his hand. "I'm Lew Dodgson, from the Biosyn Corporation, back in Cupertino. This is my associate, Howard King."
"Hi," the other man said, nodding. Howard King was younger and taller than Dodgson, and he was handsome in a clean-cut California way. Sarah recognized his type: a classic beta male animal, subservient to the core. And there was something odd about his behavior toward her: he moved a little away, and seemed as uncomfortable around her as Dodgson now seemed friendly.
"And up there," Dodgson continued, pointing onto the deck, "is our third, George Baselton."
Harding saw a heavyset man on the deck, bent over the boxes as they came on board. His shirtsleeves were soaked in sweat. She said, "Are you all friends of Richard?"
"We're on our way over to see him right now," Dodgson said, "to help him out." He hesitated, frowning at her. "But, uh, he didn't tell us about you…"
She was suddenly aware then of how she must appear to him: a short woman in her thirties, wearing a rumpled shirt, khaki shorts, and heavy boots. Her clothes dirty, her hair unkempt after all the flights.
She said, "I know Richard through Ian Malcolm. Ian and I are old friends."
I see…" He continued to stare at her, as if he was unsure of her in some way.
She felt compelled to explain. "I've been in Africa. I decided to come here at the last minute," she said. "Doc THorne called me."
"Oh, of course. Doc." The man nodded, and seemed to relax, as if everything now made sense to him.
She said, "Is Richard all right?"
"Well, I certainly hope so. Because we're taking all this equipment to him."
"You're going to Sorna now?"
"We are, if this weather holds," Dodgson said, glancing at the sky. "We should be ready to go in five or ten minutes. You know, you're welcome to join us, if you need a ride," he said cheerfully. "We could use the company. Where's your stuff?"
"I've only got this," she said, lifting her small backpack.
"Traveling light, eh? Well, good, Ms. Harding. Welcome to the party."
He seemed entirely open and friendly now. It was such a marked change from his earlier behavior. But she noticed that the handsome man, King, remained distinctly uneasy. King turned his back to her, and acted very busy, shouting at the workmen to be careful with the last of the wooden crates, which were marked "Biosyn Corporation" in stenciled lettering. She had the impression he was avoiding looking at her. And she still hadn't gotten a good look at the third man, on deck. It made her hesitate.
"You're sure it's all right…"
"Of course it's all right! We'd be delighted!" Dodgson said. "Besides, how else are you going to get there? There's no planes, the helicopter is gone.
"I know, I checked…"
"Well, then, you know. If you want to get to the island, you'd better go with us."
She looked at the jeep on the boat, and said, "I think Doc must already be there, with his equipment."
At the mention of that, the second man, King, snapped his head around in alarm. But Dodgson just nodded calmly and said, "Yes, I think so. He left last night, I believe."
"That's what he said to me."
"Right." Dodgson nodded. "So he's already there. At least, I hope he is."
From on deck, there were shouts in Spanish, and a captain in greasy overalls came and looked over the side. "Senor Dodgson, we are ready."
"Good," Dodgson said. "Excellent. Climb aboard, Ms. Harding. Let's get going!"