The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World (56 page)

66.
BA-MA, RH 61/815, Finanzierung der Mobilmachung, 1–3.

67.
Figures vary greatly. Those given are from the official Bavarian history,
Die Bayern im Großen Kriege 1914–1918
(Munich: Verlag des Bayerischen Kriegsarchivs, 1923), 1:5, 2 (appendix 1). See also
Das Bayernbuch vom Weltkriege 1914–1918. Ein Volksbuch
, ed. Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen (Stuttgart: Chr. Belser, 1930), 1:9; and
Die Schlacht in Lothringen und in den Vogesen 1914. Die Feuertaufe der Bayerischen Armee
, ed. Karl Deuringer (Munich: Max Schick, 1929), 1:30–31.

68.
From
Die Badener im Weltkrieg 1914/1918
, ed. Wilhelm Müller-Loebnitz (Karlsruhe: G. Braun, 1935), 13–14, 22, 24–25.

69.
Ibid., 13–14.

70.
GLA, S Kriegsbriefe und Kriegstagebücher 53.

71.
GLA, 456 F41 Kriegstagebuch Inf. Regt. “Prinz Wilhelm” Nr. 112, 171.

72.
Max von Hausen,
Erinnerungen an den Marnefeldzug 1914
(Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1920), 101–07, appendix 2;
Sachsen in großer Zeit: Gemeinverständliche sächsische Kriegsgeschichte und vaterländisches Gedenkwert des Weltkrieges in Wort und Bild
, ed. Johann Edmund Hotten-roth (Leipzig: R. M. Lippold, 1920), 3 vols.

73.
HStA, M 660/038, Nachlaß von Soden, Die Leistungen der Württemberger im Weltkrieg; also,
Württembergs Heer im Weltkrieg. Einzeldarstellungen der Geschichte der württembergischen Heeresverbände
(Stuttgart: Berger, 1939), 20 vols.

74.
Sewell Tyng,
The Campaign of the Marne, 1914
(New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 80.

75.
Mob.-Termin Kalendar 1914/15. Ehlert, Epkenhans, and Groß, eds.,
Schlieffenplan
, 478–84.

76.
BHStA-KA, AOK 6/369, Aufmarsch-Anweisungen. Italics in the original.

77.
Eugenia C. Kiesling, “France,” in Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, eds.,
The Origins of World War I
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 229, 246. Comments by Gaston Doumerge (January 1914) and Maurice Paléologue (July 1914).

78.
Ralph R. Menning, ed.,
The Art of the Possible: Documents on Great Power Diplomacy, 1814–1914
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 247.

79.
SHD, 7 N 1535, Renseignements données par le Général Gilinski au Général Joffre dans la conference préliminaire du 30 juillet–12 août 1913. I have profited greatly from two recent publications by Robert A. Doughty: “French Strategy in 1914: Joffre’s Own,”
Journal of Military History
67 (2003): 427–54; and
Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
(Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005).

80.
Jan Karl Tanenbaum, “French Estimates of Germany’s Operational War Plans,” Ernest R. May, ed.,
Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessment Before the Two World Wars
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 153, 158–59.

81.
Dated 15 February 1908. AFGG, 1:33–38; and 1-1:4–7. Since all volumes from the French official history,
Les armées françaises dans le grande guerre
, used in this book are from the first of eleven multivolume
tomes
, the relevant
tome
number has simply been omitted. For the three narrative volumes of the series consulted, the single number 1, 2, or 3 designates the volume; a hyphenated number (1-1 or 2-1 or 3-1) designates the volume as well as its documentary annex; all numbers after the colon are for pages.

82.
Ibid., 1-1, 7-11.

83.
Ibid., 1:38; Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory
, 14.

84.
Joffre, 1:117.

85.
Ibid., 1:190.

86.
SHD, 7 N 1778; AFGG, 1:53ff., 77ff.; AFGG 1-1:21–35; Joffre, 1:169–80.

87.
Cited in Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory
, 19.

88.
Tyng,
Campaign of the Marne
, 26–31.

89.
Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory
, 26.

90.
Ibid., 22.

91.
Ibid., 23.

92.
Ibid., 27.

93.
Anthony Clayton,
Paths of Glory: The French Army, 1914–18
(London: Cassell, 2003), 37.

94.
Tanenbaum, “French Estimates,” 166.

95.
Ibid., 143.

96.
Ibid., 95.

97.
Cited in Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory
, 34.

98.
AFGG, 1:106, and 1-1:58; Joffre, 1:222; Raymond Poincaré,
Comment fut déclarée la guerre de 1914
(Paris: Flammarion, 1939), 119–20.

99.
Jean-Baptiste Duroselle,
La France et les français 1900–1914
(Paris: Éditions Richelieu, 1972), 82–85; Strachan,
First World War
, 1:206.

100.
Charles de Gaulle,
France and Her Army
(London: Hutchinson, n.d.), 90–91.

101.
Jean-Jacques Becker,
Le carnet B; les pouvoirs publics et l’antimilitarisme avant la guerre de 1914
(Paris: Klincksieck, 1973).

102.
Henri Desagneaux,
A French Soldier’s War Diary, 1914–1918
(Morley, UK: Elmfield Press, 1975), 5.

103.
Joffre, 1:236.

104.
Instruction générale No. 1, 8 August 1914. AFGG, 1-1:124–26.

105.
Joffre, 1:205.

106.
Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries
, ed. C. E. Callwell (London: Cassell, 1927), 1:78–79.

107.
Joffre, 1:122–24.

108.
Michael Howard,
The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of the Two World Wars
(London: Temple Smith, 1972), esp. 31–52.

109.
Diary entry dated 18 November 1914. Douglas Haig,
War Diaries and Letters, 1914–1918
, eds. Gary Sheffield and John Bourne (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), 82.

110.
Grey to Bertie, 15 January 1906. Grey Papers, FO 800/49, National Archives, Kew.

111.
Keith Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente: Essays on the Determinants of British Foreign Policy, 1904–1914
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 63.

112.
Niall Ferguson,
The Pity of War
(London: Allen Lane, 1998), 65.

113.
David Herrmann,
The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 156–57.

114.
See Paul Hayes, “Britain, Germany, and the Admiralty’s Plans for Attacking German Territory, 1906–1915,” in
War, Strategy, and International Politics: Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard
, eds. Lawrence Freedman, Paul Hayes, and Robert O’Neill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 95–116.

115.
Samuel R. Williamson Jr.,
The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969), 307.

116.
Asquith to the king, 2 November 1911. Asquith Papers I/6, Bodleian Library, Oxford University. I am indebted to Professor Keith Neilson of the Royal Military College, Canada, for this reference.

117.
Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 364–67.

118.
Strachan,
First World War
, 1:202.

119.
Cited in
Sir Henry Wilson
, 1:158.

120.
HGW-MO, 1:10.

121.
Following from Ian V. Hogg,
British Artillery Weapons and Ammunition, 1914–1918
(London: Ian Allan, 1972), 80–81, 102–03, 116–17.

122.
HGW-MO, 1:6–8.

123.
Bruce Gudmundsson,
The British Expeditionary Force, 1914–1915
(Oxford, 2005), 72–73.

124.
Nikolas Gardner,
Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 20–27; also Andrew J. Risio, “Building the Old Contemptibles: British Military Transformation and Tactical Development from the Boer War to the Great War, 1899–1914,” unpublished MA thesis, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 2005, 31–82.

125.
Timothy Travers,
The Killing Ground: The British Army, the Western Front, and the Emergence of Modern Warfare, 1900–1918
(London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 37–42.

126.
History of the Great War, Naval Operations
, ed. Sir Julian Corbett (London: Longmans, Green, 1920–31), 1:72–82.

127.
HGW-MO, 1:31–50.

128.
The following from Luc de Vos, “Belgien: Operationsplanungen und Taktik eines neutralen Landes,” in Ehlert, Epkenhans, and Groß, eds.,
Schlieffenplan
, 293–310. The runup to 1914 is in Luc de Vos,
Het effectief van de Belgische krijgsmacht en de militiewetgeving, 1830–1914
(Brussels: Koninklijk Legermuseum, 1985); also, Centre de Documentation historique des forces armées,
Histoire de l’armée belge
, vol. 1,
de 1830 à 1919
(Brussels: Editions Centre de Documentation historique des forces armées, 1982).

129.
Émile Galet,
Albert, King of the Belgians in the Great War: His Military Activities and Experiences Set Down with His Approval
(Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 10ff.

130.
Strachan,
First World War
, 1:208.