The Mind and the Brain (56 page)

self-directed neuroplasticity, 18, 94, 254, 295–96, 318, 340, 368, 372–73

self-mutilation, by laboratory monkeys, 132, 135, 145, 149, 156

sensorimotor retraining program, 220

sensory feedback, 134, 141, 145

sensory homunculus, 170–72, 170, 180, 184, 196

sensory input, 175, 176, 213–15, 225

in cortical reorganization, 204;
see also
use-dependent cortical reorganization

sensory nerves, 137–38, 174

serotonin, 58, 299

Seurat, Georges, 337

Shapiro, Arthur, 238

Shapiro, Elaine, 238

Shatz, Carla, 122

Shear, Jonathan, 290–92

Sherrington, Charles, 37, 54, 105, 137–41, 143, 165–66, 167, 169, 173, 175, 178, 208

Sherringtonian reflexology, 138–39, 141, 142, 143

Silbersweig, David, 312–15

Silverman, Laura, 201–4, 213, 215–16, 218

Silver Spring monkeys, 15, 132–36, 144–62, 167–68, 180, 183–85, 187–90, 195–96, 367

Adidas, 136, 154

Allen, 136, 154, 158, 163

Augustus, 136, 154, 158

Big Boy, 136, 150, 154, 158, 163

Billy, 134, 136, 150, 153, 154, 156–57

Brooks, 136, 153–54

Charlie, 136, 151

Chester, 136, 154

Domitian, 136, 150, 154, 158, 163

Hard Times, 136

Hayden, 136, 154

Montaigne, 136, 154

Nero, 136, 150, 151, 154

Paul, 136, 150, 154, 156

Sarah, 134, 136, 153, 154

Sisyphus, 136, 154

Titus, 136, 150, 154, 158

Singer, Wolf, 49

Sireteanu, Ruxandra, 124–25

Skinner, B. F., 35, 140–41, 299

SLI (specific language impairment), 226–36, 254

Smith, Adam, 11–12

Smith, Robert C., 152

soma, 103

somatosensory cortex, 101, 113–15, 126, 157–59, 167–72, 174–76, 196, 198, 204

cortical reorganization of, 180–81, 183–86, 205, 208–12, 213–14, 223, 225, 226, 338

mapping of, 176–77, 178, 181–82, 208, 209, 210–11, 216

remapping of, 176–77, 179, 180, 182, 208, 214–15, 219–20, 225, 226

somatosensory homunculus,
see
sensory homunculus

somatosensory representation, 170–71, 184, 186, 208, 220

somatosensory strip, 169

Sowell, Elizabeth, 127–28, 129

spandrels, 40

specific language impairment (SLI), 226–36, 254

Spence, Sean, 311

Sperry, Roger, 41–44

spinning disk experiment, 209–10

squirrel monkeys, 175, 178, 205, 206

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 58, 72–73

Stapp, Henry Pierce, 16–17, 18, 31, 48, 258–60, 276–83, 285, 288–89, 293–95, 296–98, 300, 321–25, 340, 342–43, 350, 352–57, 361, 374

stem cells, 253

Stern, Emily, 312–15

stimulus-response pairings, 301

Stoics, 23

striatum, 67–68, 71, 72, 85

ventral, 314

striosomes, 68,
69, 73

stroke, 135, 147–48, 160–61, 172, 183, 187–200, 204, 254, 314, 315, 321, 339–40, 360, 367, 371

CI therapy for, 160, 189–95, 213, 234, 235

language in, 99–100, 196–98

learned nonuse in, 147–48

physical therapy for, 187

spontaneous recovery in, 191, 196–97

Studdert-Kennedy, Michael, 235

subject units of distress (SUDs), 59

subthalamic nucleus,
69
, 71

Sudarshan, George, 351, 352–53

sulci, 113

Sullivan, Louis, 158

superpositions, 268, 284, 293, 358

Sur, Mriganka, 101–3

Sutherland, Keith, 292–93

synapses, 12,
104
, 105, 117, 121, 128–29, 166, 223, 252, 258, 284

altering strength of, 106–10

synaptic connections, 120, 208

synaptic efficiency, 110

synaptic gap, 105

synaptogenesis, 117, 127–29, 252

syndactyly, artificial, 181–82, 205, 216

tactile processing, 198

Tallal, Paula, 226–28, 229–32, 234–36, 250

TANs (tonically active neurons), 68–70,
69

Taub, Edward, 132, 253

monkey deafferentation experiments of, 133–37, 180, 183–84, 187–90, 195–96, 367

somatosensory cortex musician

experiment of, 213–15, 218, 220–23

stroke experiments and CI therapy of, 187–96, 198, 213, 234, 254, 321, 339–40, 367

taxi driver study, 250–52

Teasdale, John, 244–50, 254

Tegmark, Max, 286–87

Tegretol (carbamazepine), 97

temporal lobes, 100, 129, 336

left, 197

right, 97–98

thalamic axons, 113–14

thalamus,
63
, 67,
69
, 71, 85, 90, 91,
94
, 98, 113, 114, 241, 314

auditory, 102

thought experiments, 344, 346, 347

tinnitus, 221–23

tonically active neurons (TANs), 68–70,
69

tonotopic map, tinnitus and, 222

tonotopic reorganization, 338

Tourette, Georges Gilles de la, 238

Tourette’s syndrome, 237–44, 250, 254

cognitive-behavioral therapy and, 239, 242–44

drug therapies for, 238–39

Four Step regimen for, 236–37, 240–43

mindfulness approaches to, 239–44

symptoms of, 237

Transcendental Meditation, 291

trophic factors, 116

ulnar nerve, 177

Ungerleider, Leslie, 327, 331

use-dependent cortical reorganization, 193, 194, 204, 214–16, 218, 222

Valium, 105

Varela, Francisco, 360

vesicles,
104, 363

vipassana
, 370

vision, 26–27, 169

visual cortex, 27, 101, 103, 116, 120–23, 125–26, 167, 177, 183, 198, 223, 225, 313, 327–29, 331, 337

volition, 50, 130, 250, 292, 365

attention and, 297, 298, 309, 310, 314, 317, 320, 324–25, 326, 330, 335–37, 338, 342, 361, 364, 368–71

in Buddhism, 293–94, 303, 308, 310, 317, 321, 370, 375

in Cartesian dualism, 33, 36

consciousness and, 19, 52, 272, 279, 302, 307, 310, 313–17, 322, 360, 369, 373

effortless, 301

“free won’t” model of, 296, 306, 307

karma and, 294, 310, 321, 369, 370–71, 375

OCD and, 291, 295, 341, 355

prefrontal cortex and, 311–12

quantum physics and, 16–17, 37–38, 276, 278, 293–94, 298, 319–20, 321–22, 325, 361, 364

see also
free will

volitional movement, 141, 301

von Neumann, John, 31, 280, 283–84, 286, 319

Wall, Patrick, 168

Wang, Xiaoqin, 215–16, 228, 230–31

Watson, James, 48

Watson, John B., 2, 6, 35, 259

wave function, 268–74, 275–76, 280, 281, 285,288,352,
363

collapse of the, 269–73, 288

waves, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269

probability, 276

Weiller, Cornelius, 192, 196–97, 198

Wernicke’s region, 169, 197, 198–99

Wheeler, John Archibald, 263, 271, 274, 349

Whitehead, Alfred North, 45

white matter, 129

Wiesel, Torsten, 122–23, 149, 167, 177, 178, 181–82

Wigner, Eugene, vii, 261, 274, 276, 283, 286, 319, 361

will,
see
free will; volition

Williams, Mark, 244

willpower, 298

see also
free will; volition

Wilson, Reid, 91

Wolf, Steve, 188

Wyngaarden, James, 152

yoga nidra, 9

Young, Thomas, 264–66

Ypsilantis, Tom, 343

Zangwill, Oliver, 43

Zellinger, Anton, 262

Zeno of Elea, 351

Zoloft, 58